tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-81378071303815036872024-03-21T03:48:58.112+09:00Eigonooo初級から中級の英語学習者のためのサイトです。基本的な英文法からフレーズについて解説しています。Unknownnoreply@blogger.comBlogger58125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8137807130381503687.post-53994381121818288192012-09-28T08:10:00.002+09:002012-09-28T08:10:54.799+09:00Prefixes (R to U)<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-mdaPMw4YoPQ/UGTc5oW7gxI/AAAAAAAABrM/yzMK3XTZauo/s1600/prefix+r+to+u.jpeg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-mdaPMw4YoPQ/UGTc5oW7gxI/AAAAAAAABrM/yzMK3XTZauo/s1600/prefix+r+to+u.jpeg" /></a></div>
<div align="center" style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;">
<br /><br /><br /><strong><span style="font-size: large;">Prefixes in English R to U</span></strong></div>
<br />
<br />
<a name='more'></a><br /><br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><strong style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;"><span style="font-size: large;">List of common prefixes-R to U </span></strong><span style="background-color: #fbfefe; font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;"></span><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br /><br /><br /><span font="" style="background-color: #ffecec; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 30px;"><span style="border: 2px solid;"> re- </span></span><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><strong style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Meaning:</span></strong><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><span style="font-size: medium;">: once more; afresh; anew<br />: (also <strong>red</strong>-) in return; mutually; in opposition<br />: behind or after<br />: with frequentative or intensive force<br /> : in a withdrawn state : back and away; down : with negative force</span><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><blockquote style="background-color: white; border: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px; margin: 2px; padding: 5px;">
<div style="padding: 0px;">
<strong><span style="font-size: medium;">Example:</span></strong><br /><span style="font-size: medium;"><strong>reactivate</strong> = to cause sth to start working or happening again : to activate sth again<br /><strong>reappraise</strong> = to make a new judgment about the value of (something)<br /> :to think about sth again to decide whether you should change your opinion<br /><strong>revert</strong> = to go back or return to (an earlier state, condition, situation, etc.)<br /><strong>resemble</strong> = to look or be like (someone or something)<br /><strong>repel</strong> = to keep sth out or away : to force (an enemy, etc.) to stop an attack and turn away<br /><strong>resistance</strong> = refusal to accept something new or different (-from)<br /> : effort made to stop or to fight against sth or sb<br /> : the ability to prevent something from having an effect<br /><strong>remain</strong> = to be left when the other parts are gone or have been used<br /> : to be sth that still needs to be done, dealt with, etc.<br /><strong>relic</strong> = something that is from a past time, place, culture, etc. ― often + of or from<br /><strong>recede</strong> = to move away gradually : to become smaller or weaker<br /><strong>rebuff</strong> = formal : to refuse (something, such as an offer or suggestion) in a rude way</span></div>
</blockquote>
<hr size="1" style="color: #555555; font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" />
<span font="" style="background-color: #ffecec; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 30px;"><span style="border: 2px solid;"> se- </span></span><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><strong style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Meaning:</span></strong><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><span style="font-size: medium;">: apart; without</span><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><blockquote style="background-color: white; border: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px; margin: 2px; padding: 5px;">
<div style="padding: 0px;">
<strong><span style="font-size: medium;">Example:</span></strong><br /><span style="font-size: medium;"><strong>secede</strong>= to separate from a nation or state and become independent<br /><strong>seclude</strong>= to keep (someone) away from other people<br /><strong>secure</strong>= protected from danger or harm : providing protection from danger or harm<br /> : feeling safe and free from worries or doubt : confident<br /> : firmly attached :not in danger of being lost or taken away</span></div>
</blockquote>
<hr size="1" style="color: #555555; font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" />
<span font="" style="background-color: #ffecec; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 30px;"><span style="border: 2px solid;"> semi- </span></span><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><strong style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Meaning:</span></strong><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><span style="font-size: medium;">: half<br /> ; occurring or appearing <strong>twice</strong> in a specified period<br />: partly; in some degree or particular<br /> : almost </span><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><blockquote style="background-color: white; border: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px; margin: 2px; padding: 5px;">
<div style="padding: 0px;">
<strong><span style="font-size: medium;">Example:</span></strong><br /><span style="font-size: medium;"><strong>semicircle </strong>= half of a circle<br /><strong>semilegendary</strong>= having historical foundation but elaborated in legend<br /><strong>semiannual</strong>= happening or produced every six months or twice in each year<br /><strong>semidarkness</strong>= partial darkness<br /><strong>semiconscious</strong>= incompletely conscious : imperfectly aware or responsive</span></div>
</blockquote>
<hr size="1" style="color: #555555; font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" />
<span font="" style="background-color: #ffecec; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 30px;"><span style="border: 2px solid;"> sub- (Also suc-, suf-, sug-, sup-, sur-, sus-) </span></span><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><strong style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;"><span style="font-size: medium;">⇔super‐</span></strong><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><strong style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Meaning:</span></strong><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><span style="font-size: medium;">: under, beneath<br />: subsidiary, secondary<br />: almost, nearly</span><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><blockquote style="background-color: white; border: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px; margin: 2px; padding: 5px;">
<div style="padding: 0px;">
<strong><span style="font-size: medium;">Example:</span></strong><br /><span style="font-size: medium;"><strong>submarine</strong>= a ship that can operate underwater<br /><strong>subset</strong>=a group of things, people, etc., that is part of a larger group<br /><strong>subway</strong>= a system of underground trains in a city<br /> Brit : a road for walking under a road, set of railroad tracks, etc. : underpass<br /><strong>subtitle</strong>= a secondary or explanatory title<br /> : words that appear on the screen during a movie, etc. and that are translations of what the actors are saying<br /><strong>subjugate</strong>= formal : to defeat and gain control of sb or sth by the use of force<br /> : to conquer and gain the obedience of (a group of people, a country, etc.)<br /><strong>succumb</strong>= somewhat formal 1 : to stop trying to resist something<br /> : to die<br /><strong>suggest</strong>= to mention (sth) as a possible thing to be done, used, thought about, etc.<br /> : to say that (someone or something) is good or deserves to be chosen : recommend<br /> : to show that sth is likely or true : to indicate sth usually without showing it in a direct or certain way : to say (something) in an indirect way ;imply<br /><br /><strong>suppress</strong>= to end or stop (something) by force<br /> : to keep (something) secret : to not allow people to know about or see (something)<br /> : to not allow yourself to feel, show, or be affected by (an emotion)<br /> : to slow or stop the growth, development, or normal functioning of (something)<br /><br /><strong>suspend</strong>= : to force sb to leave a job, position, or place for a usually short period of time as a form of punishment<br /> : to stop (something) for a usually short period of time<br /> : to make (something) happen later : to delay (something)<br /> : to hang something so that it is free on all sides except at the point of support<br /><br /><strong>substance</strong>= a material of a particular kind<br /> : the quality of being meaningful, useful, or important (noncount)<br /> : the most basic or necessary part or quality of something : essence (noncount)<br /> : a drug that is considered harmful and whose use is controlled by law or made illegal </span></div>
</blockquote>
<hr size="1" style="color: #555555; font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" />
<span font="" style="background-color: #ffecec; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 30px;"><span style="border: 2px solid;"> syn-, sym-, syl- </span></span><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><strong style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Meaning:</span></strong><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><span style="font-size: medium;">: united; acting or considered together</span><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><blockquote style="background-color: white; border: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px; margin: 2px; padding: 5px;">
<div style="padding: 0px;">
<strong><span style="font-size: medium;">Example:</span></strong><br /><span style="font-size: medium;"><strong>synonym</strong>= a word that has the same meaning as another word in the same language<br /><strong>synchronize</strong>= to cause (things) to agree in time or to make (things) happen at the same time and speed<br /><br /><strong>symmetry</strong>=the quality of something that has two sides or halves that are the same or very close in size, shape, and position : the quality of having symmetrical parts<br /><br /><strong>synergy</strong>= the increased effectiveness that results when two or more people or businesses work together<br /><br /><strong>synchronicity</strong>= the quality or fact of being synchronous<br /><strong>synesthesia</strong>= the production of a sense impression relating to one sense or part of the body by stimulation of another sense or part of the body.</span></div>
</blockquote>
<hr size="1" style="color: #555555; font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" />
<span font="" style="background-color: #ffecec; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 30px;"><span style="border: 2px solid;"> trans- </span></span><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><strong style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Meaning:</span></strong><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><span style="font-size: medium;">: across, beyond<br />: through</span><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><blockquote style="background-color: white; border: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px; margin: 2px; padding: 5px;">
<div style="padding: 0px;">
<strong><span style="font-size: medium;">Example:</span></strong><br /><span style="font-size: medium;"><strong>transnational</strong>= operating in or involving more than one country<br /><strong>transatlantic</strong>= going across the Atlantic Ocean : located on or coming from the other side of the Atlantic Ocean<br /><strong>transfer</strong>= to move (someone or something) from one place to another<br /> : to cause (a disease, virus, etc.) to move from one living thing to another : transmit<br /> : to use (something, such as an idea, a skill, etc.) for a new or different purpose<br /> : to stop going to one school and begin going to another<br /> : to move to a different place or job for the same employer<br /> : to change from one plane, bus, train, etc., to another while traveling<br /><br /><strong>transit</strong> = the act of moving people or things from one place to another<br /><strong>transmit</strong>=<br /> : to send (information, sound, etc.) in the form of electrical signals to a radio, television, etc.<br /> : to give or pass (information, values, etc.) from one person to another<br /> : to cause (a virus, disease, etc.) to be given to others<br /> : to allow (light, heat, etc.) to pass through<br /><strong>transport</strong>= to carry (someone or something) from one place to another </span></div>
</blockquote>
<hr size="1" style="color: #555555; font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" />
<span font="" style="background-color: #ffecec; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 30px;"><span style="border: 2px solid;"> ultra- </span></span><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><strong style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Meaning:</span></strong><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><span style="font-size: medium;">: beyond; on the other side of; <strong>trans-</strong><br />: extreme; to an extreme degree; <strong>super-</strong></span><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><blockquote style="background-color: white; border: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px; margin: 2px; padding: 5px;">
<div style="padding: 0px;">
<strong><span style="font-size: medium;">Example:</span></strong><br /><span style="font-size: medium;"><strong>ultraviolet</strong>= used to describe rays of light that cannot be seen and that are slightly shorter than the rays of violet light<br /><strong>ultrasonic</strong>= used to describe sounds that are too high for humans to hear; <strong>ultrasound</strong><br /><strong>ultrasecret</strong>= extremely secret </span></div>
</blockquote>
<hr size="1" style="color: #555555; font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" />
<span font="" style="background-color: #ffecec; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 30px;"><span style="border: 2px solid;"> un- </span></span><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><strong style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Meaning:</span></strong><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><span style="font-size: medium;">: denoting the reversal or cancellation of an action or state<br />: denoting deprivation, separation, or reduction to a lesser state</span><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><blockquote style="background-color: white; border: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px; margin: 2px; padding: 5px;">
<div style="padding: 0px;">
<strong><span style="font-size: medium;">Example:</span></strong><br /><span style="font-size: medium;"><strong>unhappy</strong>= sad, depressed, or disappointed : not happy<br /><strong>unbreakable</strong>= not able to be broken : not breakable<br /><strong>unmask</strong>= to reveal the true identity or nature of (someone or something)<br /><strong>unhand</strong>= release (someone) from one's grasp<br /><strong>unsettle</strong>= to make (someone) nervous, worried, or upset</span></div>
</blockquote>
<hr size="1" style="color: #555555; font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" />
<span font="" style="background-color: #ffecec; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 30px;"><span style="border: 2px solid;"> under- </span></span><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><strong style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Meaning:</span></strong><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><span style="font-size: medium;">: below; beneath<br />: insufficiently; incompletely</span><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><blockquote style="background-color: white; border: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px; margin: 2px; padding: 5px;">
<div style="padding: 0px;">
<strong><span style="font-size: medium;">Example:</span></strong><br /><span style="font-size: medium;"><strong>underwear</strong>= clothing that is worn next to your skin and under other clothing<br /><strong>undercover</strong>= done or working in a secret way in order to catch criminals or collect information<br /><strong>undernourished</strong>= not getting enough food or not getting enough healthy food for good health and growth<br /><strong>underdeveloped</strong>= not developed to a normal size or strength<br /><strong>undersecretary</strong>= a high-ranking government official who serves under a department secretary or other high official </span></div>
</blockquote>
<hr size="1" style="color: #555555; font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" />
<span font="" style="background-color: #ffecec; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 30px;"><span style="border: 2px solid;"> up- </span></span><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><strong style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Meaning:</span></strong><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><span style="font-size: medium;">: (added to verbs and their derivatives) upward<br />: (added to nouns) denoting (direction of) motion up<br />: (added to nouns) higher</span><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><blockquote style="background-color: white; border: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px; margin: 2px; padding: 5px;">
<div style="padding: 0px;">
<strong><span style="font-size: medium;">Example:</span></strong><br /><span style="font-size: medium;"><strong>uptight</strong>= nervous or worried and tending to become upset about sth that does not make other people upset<br /><strong>upturned</strong>= turned so that the bottom part is on top : turned upside down<br /><strong>uphill</strong>= toward the top of a hill or mountain<br /><strong>update</strong>= to change (something) by including the most recent information<br /><strong>upland</strong>= a region of high land especially far from the sea ― usually plural</span></div>
</blockquote>
<hr size="1" style="color: #555555; font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" />
<br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" />Anonymousnoreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8137807130381503687.post-47932881562588504742012-09-28T08:08:00.003+09:002012-09-28T08:08:58.933+09:00Prefixes (F to P)<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-B8VkkkhkgAQ/UGTce0YYTJI/AAAAAAAABrE/dgWgs6GtWog/s1600/prefix+f+to+p.jpeg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-B8VkkkhkgAQ/UGTce0YYTJI/AAAAAAAABrE/dgWgs6GtWog/s1600/prefix+f+to+p.jpeg" /></a></div>
<div align="center" style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;">
<br /><br /><br /><strong><span style="font-size: large;">Prefixes in English F to P</span></strong></div>
<br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><a name='more'></a><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><strong style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;"><span style="font-size: large;">List of common prefixes -F to P </span></strong><span style="background-color: #fbfefe; font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;"></span><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><span font="" style="background-color: #ffecec; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 30px;"><span style="border: 2px solid;"> for- </span></span><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><strong style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Meaning:</span></strong><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><span style="font-size: medium;">: far, away, from<br />: prohibition, neglect, renunciation<br />: extremity of negative state expressed</span><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><blockquote style="background-color: white; border: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px; margin: 2px; padding: 5px;">
<div style="padding: 0px;">
<strong><span style="font-size: medium;">Example:</span></strong><br /><span style="font-size: medium;"><strong>forbid</strong> = to order (someone) not to do something<br /><strong>forget</strong> = to be unable to think of or remember (something)<br /><strong>forgive</strong> = to stop feeling anger toward (someone who has done sth wrong) : to stop blaming<br /><strong>forgo</strong> = to give up the use or enjoyment of (something)<br /><strong>forlorn</strong> = sad and lonely : empty and in poor condition : not having much chance of success : nearly hopeless<br /><strong>forsake</strong> = to give up or leave (someone or something) entirely</span></div>
</blockquote>
<hr size="1" style="color: #555555; font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" />
<span font="" style="background-color: #ffecec; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 30px;"><span style="border: 2px solid;"> hemi- </span></span><strong style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;"><span style="font-size: medium;"> Synonyms : demi-, semi- </span></strong><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><strong style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Meaning:</span></strong><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><span style="font-size: medium;">: half</span><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><blockquote style="background-color: white; border: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px; margin: 2px; padding: 5px;">
<div style="padding: 0px;">
<strong><span style="font-size: medium;">Example:</span></strong><br /><span style="font-size: medium;"><strong>hemisphere</strong> = a half of the Earth e.g. the Northern/Southern Hemisphere</span></div>
</blockquote>
<hr size="1" style="color: #555555; font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" />
<span font="" style="background-color: #ffecec; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 30px;"><span style="border: 2px solid;"> hyper- </span></span><strong style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Antonyms : hypo-</span></strong><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><strong style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Meaning:</span></strong><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><span style="font-size: medium;">: over, above or beyond<br />: excessive, excessively, exceeding<br />: more than normal </span><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><blockquote style="background-color: white; border: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px; margin: 2px; padding: 5px;">
<div style="padding: 0px;">
<strong><span style="font-size: medium;">Example:</span></strong><br /><span style="font-size: medium;"><strong>hypersonic</strong> = of or relating to speed five or more times that of sound in air<br /><strong>hyperactive</strong> = extremely active or too active </span></div>
</blockquote>
<hr size="1" style="color: #555555; font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" />
<span font="" style="background-color: #ffecec; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 30px;"><span style="border: 2px solid;"> hypo- </span></span><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><strong style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Meaning:</span></strong><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><span style="font-size: medium;">: below; beneath; under<br />: deficient; less than normal</span><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><blockquote style="background-color: white; border: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px; margin: 2px; padding: 5px;">
<div style="padding: 0px;">
<strong><span style="font-size: medium;">Example:</span></strong><br /><span style="font-size: medium;"><strong>hypodermic</strong> = going under the skin<br /><strong>hypothetical</strong> = involving or based on a suggested idea or theory : involving or based on a hypothesis; not real<br /><strong>hypocrite</strong> = a person who puts on a false appearance of virtue or religion</span></div>
</blockquote>
<hr size="1" style="color: #555555; font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" />
<span font="" style="background-color: #ffecec; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 30px;"><span style="border: 2px solid;"> in- (i-, il-, im-, ir-) </span></span><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><strong style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Meaning:</span></strong><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><span style="font-size: medium;">: (added to adjectives) not<br />: (added to nouns) without; lacking</span><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><span style="font-size: medium;"><strong><span style="color: red;">Note</span></strong>: Before certain letters, <strong>in</strong>- becomes:</span><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><span style="font-size: medium;">・<strong>i</strong>- before <span style="color: blue;">gn</span>, eg. ignoble<br />・<strong>il</strong>- before <span style="color: blue;">l</span>, eg. illegal<br />・<strong>im</strong>- before <span style="color: blue;">b</span>, <span style="color: blue;">m</span>, or <span style="color: blue;">p</span>, eg. improper<br />・<strong>ir</strong>- before <span style="color: blue;">r</span>, eg. irresistible<br /><br /><br /><blockquote style="background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); margin: 2px; padding: 5px;">
<div style="padding: 0px;">
<strong>Example:</strong><br /><strong>intolerant</strong> = not willing to allow or accept something ― often + of : disapproving<br /><strong>illegible</strong> = not clear enough to read : not legible<br /><strong>irregular</strong> = not regular<br /><strong>irresponsible</strong> = not having or showing maturity or good judgment : not responsible<br /><strong>illegal</strong> = not legal<br /><strong>immoral</strong> = not morally good or right : morally evil or wrong<br /><strong>irrevocable</strong> = not able to be called back<br /><strong>irrelevant</strong> = not important or relating to what is being discussed right now : not relevant</div>
</blockquote>
<hr size="1" style="color: #555555;" />
<span font="" style="background-color: #ffecec; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 30px;"><span style="border: 2px solid;"> in- ( il-, im-, ir-) </span></span><br /><br /><strong>Meaning:</strong><br />: in; into; toward; within<br />: up; upon; against<br /><br /><strong><span style="color: red;">Note</span></strong>: Before certain letters, <strong>in</strong>- becomes:<br /><br />・<strong>il</strong>- before <span style="color: blue;">l</span>, eg. illustration<br />・<strong>im</strong>- before <span style="color: blue;">b</span>, <span style="color: blue;">m</span>, or <span style="color: blue;">p</span>, eg. imbibe<br />・<strong>ir</strong>- before <span style="color: blue;">r</span>, eg. irradiate<br /><br /><br /><br /><blockquote style="background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); margin: 2px; padding: 5px;">
<div style="padding: 0px;">
<strong>Example:</strong><br /><strong>insert</strong> = to put (something) in something<br /><strong>influence</strong> = the power to change or affect someone or sth : the power to cause changes without directly forcing them to happen<br /><br /><strong>impression</strong> = the effect or influence that something or someone has on a person's thoughts or feelings : an idea or belief that is usually not clear or certain : an appearance or suggestion of something<br /><br /><strong>influx</strong> = the arrival of a large number of people<br /><strong>inbox</strong> = a box or other container on a desk in which letters, notes, etc., that are sent to the desk are placed ―called also (Brit) in tray<br /><br /><strong>input</strong> = <strong>noun</strong> : advice or opinions that help someone make a decision : information that is put into a computer <strong>verb</strong> : to enter (information) into a computer<br /><br /><strong>induce</strong> = somewhat formal : to cause (someone or something) to do something<br /><strong>inborn</strong> = existing from the time someone is born : natural or instinctive </div>
</blockquote>
<hr size="1" style="color: #555555;" />
<span font="" style="background-color: #ffecec; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 30px;"><span style="border: 2px solid;"> infra- </span></span><br /><br /><strong>Meaning:</strong><br />: below; beneath; inferior<br /><br /><br /><blockquote style="background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); margin: 2px; padding: 5px;">
<div style="padding: 0px;">
<strong>Example:</strong><br /><strong>infrared</strong> = producing or using rays of light that cannot be seen and that are longer than rays that produce red light<br /><br /><strong>infrastructure</strong> = the basic equipment and structures (such as roads and bridges) that are needed for a country, region, or organization to function properly<br /><br /><strong>infrasonic</strong> = relating to or denoting sound waves with a frequency below the lower limit of human audibility ; <strong>infrasound</strong></div>
</blockquote>
<hr size="1" style="color: #555555;" />
<span font="" style="background-color: #ffecec; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 30px;"><span style="border: 2px solid;"> inter- </span></span><br /><br /><strong>Meaning:</strong><br />: among, between, during, within, amid<br />: mutual, reciprocal<br /><br /><br /><blockquote style="background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); margin: 2px; padding: 5px;">
<div style="padding: 0px;">
<strong>Example:</strong><br /><strong>intersect</strong> = to divide (something) by passing through or across it : cross: to meet and cross at one or more points : to share some common area<br /><br /><strong>intercept</strong> = to stop and take someone or something that is going from one place to another place before that person or thing gets there<br /><br /><strong>interagency</strong> = occurring between or involving different government agencies<br /><strong>interactive</strong> = designed to respond to the actions, commands, etc., of a user<br /><strong>interact</strong> = to talk or do things with other people<br /><strong>interchange</strong> =verb: to put each of two or more things in the place of the other<br /><strong>intervene</strong> = to come or occur between two times or events to become involved in something (such as a conflict) in order to have an influence on what happens<br /><br /><strong>interjection</strong> = a spoken word, phrase, or sound that expresses sudden or strong feeling<br /><strong>international</strong> = involving two or more countries : occurring between countries</div>
</blockquote>
<hr size="1" style="color: #555555;" />
<span font="" style="background-color: #ffecec; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 30px;"><span style="border: 2px solid;"> intra- </span></span><br /><br /><strong>Meaning:</strong><br />: (added to adjectives) on the inside; within; during; interior<br />:<br /><br /><br /><blockquote style="background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); margin: 2px; padding: 5px;">
<div style="padding: 0px;">
<strong>Example:</strong><br /><strong>intravascular</strong> = situated in, occurring in, or administered by entry into a blood vessel<br /><strong>intravenous</strong> = through, in, or into a vein : entering the body through a vein<br /><strong>intramural</strong> = existing or occurring within a particular group or organization (such as a school)</div>
</blockquote>
<hr size="1" style="color: #555555;" />
<span font="" style="background-color: #ffecec; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 30px;"><span style="border: 2px solid;"> mis- </span></span><br /><br /><strong>Meaning:</strong><br />: bad, badly, wrong, wrongly<br />: lack, failure<br /><br /><br /><blockquote style="background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); margin: 2px; padding: 5px;">
<div style="padding: 0px;">
<strong>Example:</strong><br /><strong>mistake</strong> = something that is not correct : a wrong action, statement, or judgment : error<br /><strong>misspell</strong> = to spell (a word or name) incorrectly<br /><strong>mistreat</strong> = to treat (someone or something) badly : abuse<br /><strong>miscarriage</strong> = a condition in which a pregnancy ends too early and does not result in the birth of a live baby<br /><strong>mistrust</strong> = lack of trust or confidence : a feeling that someone is not honest and cannot be trusted </div>
</blockquote>
<hr size="1" style="color: #555555;" />
<span font="" style="background-color: #ffecec; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 30px;"><span style="border: 2px solid;"> non- </span></span><br /><br /><strong>Meaning:</strong><br />: Used in the sense of not, to negate the meaning of the word to which it is prefixed.<br /><br /><br /><blockquote style="background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); margin: 2px; padding: 5px;">
<div style="padding: 0px;">
<strong>Example:</strong><br />nonsense = words or ideas that are foolish or untrue : behavior that is silly, annoying, or unkind : language that has no meaning<br /><br />noncommittal = not telling or showing what you think about something<br />nonentity = a person who is not famous or important<br />nonsmoker = a person who does not smoke</div>
</blockquote>
<hr size="1" style="color: #555555;" />
<span font="" style="background-color: #ffecec; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 30px;"><span style="border: 2px solid;"> ob-, oc-, of-, op- </span></span><br /><br /><strong>Meaning:</strong><br />: against, blocking, concealing<br />: denoting exposure or openness<br />: denoting opposition, hostility, or resistance<br />: denoting extensiveness, finality, or completeness<br /><br /><br /><br /><blockquote style="background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); margin: 2px; padding: 5px;">
<div style="padding: 0px;">
<strong>Example:</strong><br /><strong>obverse</strong> = formal : something that is the opposite of something else : opposite<br /><strong>observe</strong> = to watch and sometimes also listen to (sb or sth) carefully to see and notice ( sb or sth)<br /><strong>obstruct</strong> = somewhat formal : to block (sth, such as a pipe or street) so that things cannot move through easily<br /><strong>occult</strong> = of or relating to supernatural powers or practices<br /><strong>offend</strong> = to cause (a person or group) to feel hurt, angry, or upset by something said or done :insult<br /><strong>oppose</strong> = to disagree with or disapprove of (sth or sb) to compete against sb : to be an opponent of sb<br /><strong>occlude</strong> = formal: stop, close up, or obstruct (an opening, orifice, or passage); shut<br /><strong>opponent</strong> = a person, team, group, etc., that is competing against another in a contest </div>
</blockquote>
<hr size="1" style="color: #555555;" />
<span font="" style="background-color: #ffecec; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 30px;"><span style="border: 2px solid;"> out- </span></span><br /><br /><strong>Meaning:</strong><br />: to the point of surpassing or exceeding<br />: external; separate; from outside<br />: away from; outward<br /><br /><br /><blockquote style="background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); margin: 2px; padding: 5px;">
<div style="padding: 0px;">
<strong>Example:</strong><br /><strong>outstanding</strong> = extremely good or excellent : easy to notice especially because of being important or very good<br /><strong>outrage</strong> = extreme anger : a strong feeling of unhappiness because of sth bad, hurtful, or morally wrong<br /><strong>outperform</strong> = to do or perform better than (someone or something)<br /><strong>outboard</strong> = located on or toward the outside of a vehicle (such as an airplane or ship)<br /><strong>outdo</strong> = to do better than (someone or something) : to be more successful than (someone or something)<br /><strong>outburst</strong> = a sudden expression of strong feeling : a sudden increase in activity<br /><strong>outbound</strong> = traveling away from a place : outward bound<br /><strong>outpatient</strong> = a person who goes to a doctor's office or hospital for treatment but who does not spend the night there</div>
</blockquote>
<hr size="1" style="color: #555555;" />
<span font="" style="background-color: #ffecec; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 30px;"><span style="border: 2px solid;"> over- </span></span><br /><br /><strong>Meaning:</strong><br />: above, or higher<br />: superior<br />: excessively<br /><br /><br /><blockquote style="background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); margin: 2px; padding: 5px;">
<div style="padding: 0px;">
<strong>Example:</strong><br /><strong>overcoat</strong> = a long coat that is worn to keep a person warm during cold weather<br /><strong>overburden</strong> = to give (sb or sth) too much work, worry, etc. : to burden (sb or sth) too much<br /><strong>overjoyed</strong> = filled with great joy : very happy<br /><strong>overtake</strong> = to move up to and past (someone or something that is in front of you) by moving faster<br /><strong>overwork</strong> = to work too hard : to use (something) too much or too often </div>
</blockquote>
<hr size="1" style="color: #555555;" />
<span font="" style="background-color: #ffecec; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 30px;"><span style="border: 2px solid;"> peri- </span></span><br /><br /><strong>Meaning:</strong><br />: around, about, near<br /><br /><br /><blockquote style="background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); margin: 2px; padding: 5px;">
<div style="padding: 0px;">
<strong>Example:</strong><br /><strong>period</strong> = a length of time during which a series of events or an action takes place or is completed<br /><strong>perimeter</strong> = the outside edge of an area or surface ― often + of<br />=<br /><strong>perinatal</strong> = happening during or around the time of birth<br /><strong>periphery</strong> = formal : the outside edge of an area : the area that surrounds a place or thing ― often + of</div>
</blockquote>
<hr size="1" style="color: #555555;" />
<span font="" style="background-color: #ffecec; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 30px;"><span style="border: 2px solid;"> post- </span></span><strong>(⇔ante‐)</strong><br /><br /><strong>Meaning:</strong><br />: after in time or order<br /><br /><br /><blockquote style="background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); margin: 2px; padding: 5px;">
<div style="padding: 0px;">
<strong>Example:</strong><br /><strong>postpone</strong> = to decide that sth which had been planned for a particular time will be done at a later time instead<br /><strong>postmodern</strong> = of or relating to postmodernism<br /><strong>postmortem</strong> = an examination of a dead body to find out the cause of death : a discussion or analysis of sth (such as an event) after it has ended<br /></div>
</blockquote>
<hr size="1" style="color: #555555;" />
<span font="" style="background-color: #ffecec; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 30px;"><span style="border: 2px solid;"> pre- </span></span><br /><br /><strong>Meaning:</strong><br />: before (in time, place, order, degree, or importance)<br /><br /><br /><blockquote style="background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); margin: 2px; padding: 5px;">
<div style="padding: 0px;">
<strong>Example:</strong><br /><strong>precondition</strong>= something that must exist or happen before something else can exist or happen<br /><strong>prelude</strong> = something that comes before and leads to something else ― usually singular ― often + to<br /><strong>predict</strong> = to say that (something) will or might happen in the future<br /><strong>preview</strong> = a special show or performance that allows some people to see a movie, play, etc., before it is shown to the public<br /><br /><strong>precedent</strong> = somewhat formal : a similar action or event that happened at an earlier time</div>
</blockquote>
<hr size="1" style="color: #555555;" />
<span font="" style="background-color: #ffecec; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 30px;"><span style="border: 2px solid;"> pro- </span></span><br /><br /><strong>Meaning:</strong><br />: favoring; supporting<br />: acting as a substitute or deputy for; on behalf of; for<br />: denoting motion forward, out, or away<br /><br /><br /><blockquote style="background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); margin: 2px; padding: 5px;">
<div style="padding: 0px;">
<strong>Example:</strong><br /><strong>pro-American</strong> = supporting the United States and its policies<br /><strong>proportion</strong> = an amount that is a part of a whole : proper or equal share : the relationship that exists between the size, number, or amount of two things<br /><br /><strong>proponent</strong> = a person who argues for or supports something : advocate<br /><strong>propulsive</strong> = the force that moves something forward : the force that propels something<br /><strong>produce</strong> = to make (sth) especially by using machines : to make or create (sth) by a natural process : to cause (something) to exist or happen<br /><br /><strong>propose</strong> = to suggest (something, such as a plan or theory) to a person or group of people to consider<br /><strong>procure</strong> = to get (something) by some action or effort : obtain : to find or provide (a prostitute) for someone<br /><strong>prostrate</strong> = lying with the front of your body turned toward the ground : so tired, upset, etc., that you are unable to do anything<br /><br /><strong>proceed</strong> = to continue to do something : to continue being done<br /><strong>propel</strong> = to push or drive (someone or something) forward or in a particular direction<br /><strong>project</strong> = a planned piece of work that has a specific purpose (such as to find information or to make something new) and that usually requires a lot of time</div>
</blockquote>
<hr size="1" style="color: #555555;" />
</span>Anonymousnoreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8137807130381503687.post-50307335197220593472012-09-28T08:07:00.002+09:002012-09-28T08:07:20.526+09:00Prefixes (A to E)<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-VxKX0AQxyWg/UGTcD3LMoGI/AAAAAAAABq8/_eYNBGGVyME/s1600/prefix+a+to+e.jpeg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-VxKX0AQxyWg/UGTcD3LMoGI/AAAAAAAABq8/_eYNBGGVyME/s1600/prefix+a+to+e.jpeg" /></a></div>
<div align="center" style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;">
<br /><br /><br /><strong><span style="font-size: large;">Prefixes in English (A to E)</span></strong></div>
<br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><a name='more'></a><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><span font="" style="background-color: #fffdd7; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 50px;"><span style="border: 2px solid;"> Prefix </span></span><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><span style="font-size: medium;">A <strong>prefix</strong> is a letter or a group of letters attached to the beginning of a word that partly indicates its meaning in order to modify or change its meaning.<br /><br />E.g. <strong>ex</strong>-press, <strong>ad</strong>-apt, <strong>under</strong>-neath, <strong>un</strong>-happy<br /><br />Particularly in the study of languages,a prefix is also called a <strong>preformative</strong>, because it alters the form of the words to which it is affixed.<br /><br /></span><span style="background-color: #fbfefe; font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;"></span><blockquote style="background-color: white; border: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px; margin: 2px; padding: 5px;">
<div style="padding: 0px;">
<span style="color: red;"><strong><span style="font-size: large;">NOTE:</span></strong></span> <span style="font-size: large;">C<strong>ombining form</strong> or <strong>Affix</strong> </span><span style="font-size: medium;">(prefix, suffix…)</span><br /><br /><span style="font-size: medium;">A <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Combining_form" style="color: royalblue; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank" title="combining form">combining form</a> is a linguistic atom that occurs <u>only in combination with some other form which could be a word, another combining form, or an affix.</u><br /></span><span style="font-size: medium;">But unlike a combining form, <strong>an affix <span style="color: red;">cannot</span> attach to another affix.</strong> </span><br /><br /><br /><br /><strong><span style="font-size: medium;">See more details below ↓</span></strong><br /><br /><span style="font-size: medium;">combining form - Merriam-Webster online dictionary</span><br /><a href="http://mw4.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/combining%20form" style="color: royalblue; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank" title="http://mw4.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/combining%20form">http://mw4.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/combining%20form</a><br /><br /><span style="font-size: medium;">What are combining forms as opposed to prefixes and suffixes (general term affix)?</span> <span style="font-size: medium;">-Dictionary.com</span><br /><a href="http://dictionary.reference.com/help/faq/language/g12.html" style="color: royalblue; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank" title="http://dictionary.reference.com/help/faq/language/g12.html">http://dictionary.reference.com/help/faq/language/g12.html</a><br /></div>
</blockquote>
<br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><strong style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;"><span style="font-size: large;">List of common prefixes -A to E</span></strong><span style="background-color: #fbfefe; font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;"> </span><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><span style="font-size: medium;"><a href="http://akarusan.blog101.fc2.com/blog-entry-137.html" style="color: royalblue; text-decoration: none;" title="Prefixes - F to P -">Prefixes - F to P -</a></span><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><span font="" style="background-color: #ffecec; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 30px;"><span style="border: 2px solid;"> a-, an- </span></span><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><strong style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Meaning:</span></strong><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><span style="font-size: medium;">: not<br />: without </span><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><blockquote style="background-color: white; border: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px; margin: 2px; padding: 5px;">
<div style="padding: 0px;">
<strong><span style="font-size: medium;">Example:</span></strong><br /><span style="font-size: medium;"><strong>asexual</strong> = lacking sex or functional sex organs<br /><strong>amoral</strong> = being neither moral nor immoral<br /><strong>atypical</strong> = not typical<br /><strong>anarchy</strong> = absence of government<br /><strong>atheist</strong> = one who believes that there is no deity</span></div>
</blockquote>
<hr size="1" style="color: #555555; font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" />
<span font="" style="background-color: #ffecec; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 30px;"><span style="border: 2px solid;"> a- </span></span><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><strong style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Meaning:</span></strong><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><span style="font-size: medium;">: to : toward<br /> ・in a specified state or manner<br /> ・in the process of (an activity)<br /> ・on<br /> ・in </span><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><blockquote style="background-color: white; border: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px; margin: 2px; padding: 5px;">
<div style="padding: 0px;">
<strong><span style="font-size: medium;">Example:</span></strong><br /><span style="font-size: medium;"><strong>aside</strong> = to or toward the side<br /><strong>aback</strong> = by surprise (<strong>take somebody aback</strong>)<br /><strong>asleep</strong> = in a state of sleep : sleeping<br /><strong>awake</strong> = to stop sleeping : to wake up<br /><strong>aloud</strong> = in a way that can be clearly heard<br /><strong>nowadays</strong> = at the present time<br /><strong>afoot</strong> = developing or happening now : in progress </span></div>
</blockquote>
<hr size="1" style="color: #555555; font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" />
<span font="" style="background-color: #ffecec; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 30px;"><span style="border: 2px solid;"> a- </span></span><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><strong style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Meaning:</span></strong><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><span style="font-size: medium;">: of<br />: utterly </span><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><blockquote style="background-color: white; border: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px; margin: 2px; padding: 5px;">
<div style="padding: 0px;">
<strong><span style="font-size: medium;">Example:</span></strong><br /><span style="font-size: medium;"><strong>anew</strong> = over again : once more ; in a new or different form<br /><strong>abashed</strong> = embarrassed or ashamed<br /><strong>afresh</strong> = from a new beginning<br /><strong>akin</strong> = similar or related</span></div>
</blockquote>
<hr size="1" style="color: #555555; font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" />
<span font="" style="background-color: #ffecec; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 30px;"><span style="border: 2px solid;"> ab-, abs- </span></span><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><strong style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Meaning:</span></strong><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><span style="font-size: medium;">: away; from </span><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><blockquote style="background-color: white; border: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px; margin: 2px; padding: 5px;">
<div style="padding: 0px;">
<strong><span style="font-size: medium;">Example:</span></strong><br /><span style="font-size: medium;"><strong>abduct</strong> = kidnap, lead away<br /><strong>abnormal</strong> = deviating from the normal or average<br /><strong>absorb</strong> = to suck up or take up<br /><strong>absolute</strong> = free from imperfection<br /><strong>abstract</strong> = disassociated from any specific instance</span></div>
</blockquote>
<hr size="1" style="color: #555555; font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" />
<span font="" style="background-color: #ffecec; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 30px;"><span style="border: 2px solid;"> ad- </span></span><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><span font="" style="background-color: #ffecec; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 15px;"><span style="border: 2px solid;"> <i>also</i> a-, ac-, af-, ag-, al-, an-, ap-, at-, as-, at- </span></span><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><strong style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Meaning:</span></strong><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><span style="font-size: medium;">denoting motion or direction to<br />・ reduction or change into<br />・ addition, increase, or intensification </span><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><blockquote style="background-color: white; border: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px; margin: 2px; padding: 5px;">
<div style="padding: 0px;">
<strong><span style="font-size: medium;">Example:</span></strong><br /><span style="font-size: medium;"><strong>advance</strong> = to move forward<br /><strong>ascend</strong> = to go up : to rise or move toward the sky<br /><strong>affiliate</strong> = officially attach or connect (a group or a person) to an organization<br /><strong>aggravate</strong> = to make (an injury, problem, etc.) more serious or severe<br /><strong>alleviate</strong> = to reduce the pain or trouble of (something)<br /><strong>annotate</strong> = to add notes or comments to (a text, book, drawing, etc.)<br /><strong>apprehend</strong> = to arrest (someone) for a crime : to catch (a criminal or suspect)<br /><strong>arrive</strong> = to come to or reach a place after traveling, being sent, etc.<br /><strong>attend</strong> = to go to and be present at (an event, meeting, etc.)<br /><strong>assemble</strong> = to collect (things) or gather (people) into one place or group<br /><strong>adjunct</strong> = something joined or added to another thing but not essentially a part of it</span></div>
</blockquote>
<hr size="1" style="color: #555555; font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" />
<span font="" style="background-color: #ffecec; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 30px;"><span style="border: 2px solid;"> ambi- ,amphi- </span></span><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><strong style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Meaning:</span></strong><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><span style="font-size: medium;">: both, on both sides<br />: around </span><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><blockquote style="background-color: white; border: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px; margin: 2px; padding: 5px;">
<div style="padding: 0px;">
<strong><span style="font-size: medium;">Example:</span></strong><br /><span style="font-size: medium;"><strong>ambivalent</strong> = having mixed feelings or contradictory ideas about something or someone<br /><strong>ambiguous</strong> = doubtful or uncertain especially from obscurity or indistinctness<br /><strong>ambient</strong> = existing or present on all sides<br /><strong>ambition</strong> = an ardent desire for rank, fame, or power<br /><strong>amphibian</strong> = an animal (such as a frog or toad) that can live both on land and in water</span></div>
</blockquote>
<hr size="1" style="color: #555555; font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" />
<span font="" style="background-color: #ffecec; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 30px;"><span style="border: 2px solid;"> ana- </span></span><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><strong style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Meaning:</span></strong><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><span style="font-size: medium;">: up<br />: back<br />: again<br />: apiece </span><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><blockquote style="background-color: white; border: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px; margin: 2px; padding: 5px;">
<div style="padding: 0px;">
<strong><span style="font-size: medium;">Example:</span></strong><br /><span style="font-size: medium;"><strong>anatomy</strong> = a branch of morphology that deals with the structure of organisms<br /><strong>analysis</strong> = detailed examination of the elements or structure of something, typically as a basis for discussion or interpretation<br /><br /><strong>anagram</strong> = a word or phrase made by changing the order of the letters in another word or phrase </span></div>
</blockquote>
<hr size="1" style="color: #555555; font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" />
<span font="" style="background-color: #ffecec; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 30px;"><span style="border: 2px solid;"> ante- </span></span><span style="background-color: #fbfefe; font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;"> </span><strong style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;"><span style="font-size: medium;">⇔ post-</span></strong><span style="background-color: #fbfefe; font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;"> </span><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><strong style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Meaning:</span></strong><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><span style="font-size: medium;">: before; preceding </span><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><blockquote style="background-color: white; border: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px; margin: 2px; padding: 5px;">
<div style="padding: 0px;">
<strong><span style="font-size: medium;">Example:</span></strong><br /><span style="font-size: medium;"><strong>antecedent</strong> = 1) a word or phrase that is represented by another word (such as a pronoun)<br /> = 2) a thing or event that existed before or logically precedes another<br /><br /><strong>antenna</strong> = a thin sensitive organ on the head of an insect, that is used to feel and touch things<br /><strong>anteroom</strong> (antechamber) = an outer room that leads to another room and that is often used as a waiting room<br /><strong>antediluvian</strong> = very old or old-fashioned </span></div>
</blockquote>
<hr size="1" style="color: #555555; font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" />
<span font="" style="background-color: #ffecec; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 30px;"><span style="border: 2px solid;"> anti-, ant- </span></span><span style="background-color: #fbfefe; font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;"> </span><strong style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;"><span style="font-size: medium;">⇔ pro</span></strong><span style="background-color: #fbfefe; font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;"> </span><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><strong style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Meaning:</span></strong><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><span style="font-size: medium;">: Against, hostile to<br />: Opposite of, reverse<br />: Counteracting, neutralizing<br />: Related to </span><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><blockquote style="background-color: white; border: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px; margin: 2px; padding: 5px;">
<div style="padding: 0px;">
<strong><span style="font-size: medium;">Example:</span></strong><br /><span style="font-size: medium;"><strong>anticlockwise</strong> (counterclockwise) = in the direction opposite to movement of a clock's hands<br /><strong>antiabortion</strong> = opposed to abortion and especially to the legalization of abortion<br /><strong>antibacterial</strong> = active against bacteria<br /><strong>antisocial</strong> = averse to the society of others<br /><strong>Antarctic</strong> (⇔ Arctic ) = of or relating to the South Pole or the region around it </span></div>
</blockquote>
<hr size="1" style="color: #555555; font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" />
<span font="" style="background-color: #ffecec; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 30px;"><span style="border: 2px solid;"> be- </span></span><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><strong style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Meaning:</span></strong><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><span style="font-size: medium;">: on : around<br />: to a great or greater degree : thoroughly<br />: excessively : ostentatiously ―in intensive verbs formed from simple verbs and in adjectives based on adjectives ending in -ed<br /><br />: about : to : at : upon : against : across<br />: make : cause to be : treat as<br />: call or dub especially excessively<br />: affect, afflict, treat, provide, or cover with especially excessively </span><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><blockquote style="background-color: white; border: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px; margin: 2px; padding: 5px;">
<div style="padding: 0px;">
<strong><span style="font-size: medium;">Example:</span></strong><br /><span style="font-size: medium;"><strong>becloud</strong> = to darken or obscure with clouds.<br /><strong>beset</strong> = (esp of dangers, temptations, or difficulties) to trouble or harass constantly<br /><strong>bemoan</strong> = to express distress or grief over; lament<br /><strong>befool</strong> = to fool; deceive; dupe.<br /><strong>befoul</strong> = to make dirty or filthy; soil; defile; sully<br /><strong>belong</strong> = to be in the relation of a member, adherent, inhabitant, etc. (usually followed by to )<br /><strong>belay</strong> = to attach (a rope) to something so that it is secure<br /><strong>beloved</strong> = very much loved : dearly loved<br /><strong>befriend</strong> = to become a friend to (someone)</span></div>
</blockquote>
<hr size="1" style="color: #555555; font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" />
<span font="" style="background-color: #ffecec; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 30px;"><span style="border: 2px solid;"> by- </span></span><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><strong style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Meaning:</span></strong><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><span style="font-size: medium;">: (usually non-productive) Prefix originally denoting a town or city<br />: Prefix denoting nearness<br />: Prefix meaning secondary, incidental, or parallel to</span><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><blockquote style="background-color: white; border: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px; margin: 2px; padding: 5px;">
<div style="padding: 0px;">
<strong><span style="font-size: medium;">Example:</span></strong><br /><span style="font-size: medium;"><strong>bylaw</strong> = a rule that an organization makes and that its members must follow<br /><strong>bypass</strong> = a road that goes around a blocked or very crowded area<br /><strong>bystander</strong> = a person who is standing near but not taking part in what is happening<br /><strong>by-product</strong> = sth that is produced during the production or destruction of sth else<br /><strong>bygone</strong> = gone by : from a time in the past<br /><strong>by-election</strong> = a special election held between regular elections in order to fill a vacancy</span></div>
</blockquote>
<hr size="1" style="color: #555555; font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" />
<span font="" style="background-color: #ffecec; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 30px;"><span style="border: 2px solid;"> circum- </span></span><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><strong style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Meaning:</span></strong><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><span style="font-size: medium;">: around </span><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><blockquote style="background-color: white; border: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px; margin: 2px; padding: 5px;">
<div style="padding: 0px;">
<strong><span style="font-size: medium;">Example:</span></strong><br /><span style="font-size: medium;"><strong>circumstance</strong> = a condition or fact that affects a situation<br /><strong>circumference</strong> = the length of a line that goes around something or that makes a circle<br /><strong>circumvent</strong> = to avoid being stopped by (something, such as a law or rule)<br /> = to get around (something) in a clever and sometimes dishonest way<br /><br /><strong>circumspect</strong> = formal : thinking carefully about possible risks before doing or saying sth<br /><strong>circumscribe</strong> = to limit the size or amount of (something) ― usually used as (be) circumscribed<br /> = to draw a shape around (another shape)</span></div>
</blockquote>
<hr size="1" style="color: #555555; font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" />
<span font="" style="background-color: #ffecec; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 30px;"><span style="border: 2px solid;"> co-, com-, col-, con-, cor </span></span><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><strong style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Meaning:</span></strong><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><span style="font-size: medium;">: together; mutually; jointly<br />: partner or subordinate in an activity<br />: to the same degree<br />: (mathematics) of the opposite, of the counterpart </span><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><blockquote style="background-color: white; border: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px; margin: 2px; padding: 5px;">
<div style="padding: 0px;">
<strong><span style="font-size: medium;">Example:</span></strong><br /><span style="font-size: medium;"><strong>collaborate</strong> = to work with another person or group in order to achieve or do something<br /><strong>cooperate</strong> = to work together : to work with another person or group to do something<br /><strong>collude</strong> = to work with others secretly especially in order to do something illegal or dishonest<br /><strong>combat</strong> = active fighting especially in a war<br /><strong>coworker</strong> = a person who works at the place where you work : someone you work with<br /><strong>colleague</strong> = somewhat formal : a person who works with you : a fellow worker<br /><strong>collect</strong> = to get (things) from different places and bring them together<br /><strong>corrode</strong> = to slowly break apart and destroy (metal, an object, etc.) through a chemical process<br /><strong>confide</strong> = to tell (something that is secret or private) to someone you trust </span></div>
</blockquote>
<hr size="1" style="color: #555555; font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" />
<span font="" style="background-color: #ffecec; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 30px;"><span style="border: 2px solid;"> contra- , contro-, </span></span><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><strong style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Meaning:</span></strong><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><span style="font-size: medium;">: against; opposite; contrasting </span><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><blockquote style="background-color: white; border: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px; margin: 2px; padding: 5px;">
<div style="padding: 0px;">
<strong><span style="font-size: medium;">Example:</span></strong><br /><span style="font-size: medium;"><strong>contrary</strong> = opposed in nature, position, etc<br /><strong>contraction</strong> = the act or process of making something smaller or of becoming smaller<br /><strong>contrast</strong> = to be different especially in a way that is very obvious<br /><strong>controvert</strong> = formal : to say or prove that (something) is untrue<br /><strong>contravene</strong> = formal : to fail to do what is required by (a law or rule)</span></div>
</blockquote>
<hr size="1" style="color: #555555; font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" />
<span font="" style="background-color: #ffecec; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 30px;"><span style="border: 2px solid;"> counter- </span></span><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><strong style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Meaning:</span></strong><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><span style="font-size: medium;">: denoting opposition, retaliation, or rivalry<br /> : denoting movement or effect in the opposite direction<br /> : denoting correspondence, duplication, or substitution </span><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><blockquote style="background-color: white; border: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px; margin: 2px; padding: 5px;">
<div style="padding: 0px;">
<strong><span style="font-size: medium;">Example:</span></strong><br /><span style="font-size: medium;"><strong>counterpart</strong> =<br />1) a person or thing holding a position or performing a function that corresponds to that of another person or thing in another place<br /><br />2) one of two or more copies of a legal document<br /><br /><strong>counterattack</strong> = an attack that is made in response to an attack by an enemy or opponent<br /><strong>counterbalance</strong> = formal : to have an effect that is opposite but equal to sth<br /> : to balance sth by being opposite<br /><br /><strong>counteract</strong> = act against sth : to cause sth to have less of an effect or to have no effect at all<br /><strong>countermeasure</strong> = an action or device that is intended to stop or prevent sth bad or dangerous</span></div>
</blockquote>
<hr size="1" style="color: #555555; font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" />
<span font="" style="background-color: #ffecec; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 30px;"><span style="border: 2px solid;"> de- </span></span><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><strong style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Meaning:</span></strong><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><span style="font-size: medium;">: reversal, undoing or removing<br />: completely<br />: from; off<br />: down; away<br />: intensifying </span><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><blockquote style="background-color: white; border: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px; margin: 2px; padding: 5px;">
<div style="padding: 0px;">
<strong><span style="font-size: medium;">Example:</span></strong><br /><span style="font-size: medium;"><strong>descend</strong> = to go down : to go or move from a higher to a lower place or level<br /><strong>despair</strong> = the feeling of no longer having any hope<br /><strong>depend</strong> = to be determined, based, or contingent : to be pending or undecided<br /><strong>deduct</strong> = to take away (something, especially an amount of money) from a total<br /><strong>derelict</strong> = no longer cared for or used by anyone<br /><strong>decamp</strong> = to leave a place suddenly and secretly<br /><strong>decode</strong> = to translate (data or a message) from a code into the original language or form<br /><strong>deceive</strong> = to make (someone) believe something that is not true<br /><strong>decline</strong> = to become lower in amount or less in number : to become worse in condition or quality<br /><strong>declaim</strong> = to say (something) in usually a loud and formal way<br /><strong>denote</strong> = to have (something) as a meaning : to mean : to show, mark, or be a sign of (something)</span></div>
</blockquote>
<hr size="1" style="color: #555555; font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" />
<span font="" style="background-color: #ffecec; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 30px;"><span style="border: 2px solid;"> demi- </span></span><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><strong style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Meaning:</span></strong><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><span style="font-size: medium;">: half<br />: partly </span><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><blockquote style="background-color: white; border: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px; margin: 2px; padding: 5px;">
<div style="padding: 0px;">
<strong><span style="font-size: medium;">Example:</span></strong><br /><span style="font-size: medium;"><strong>demigod</strong> = an extremely impressive or important person : a person who seems like a god in some way<br /><strong>demitasse</strong> = a small amount of black coffee that is served in a small cup ; also : the cup used to serve it<br /><strong>demimonde</strong> =a class of women on the fringes of respectable society supported by wealthy lovers; also : their world<br /><strong>demilune</strong> = a crescent or half-moon shape</span></div>
</blockquote>
<hr size="1" style="color: #555555; font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" />
<span font="" style="background-color: #ffecec; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 30px;"><span style="border: 2px solid;"> dia-, di- </span></span><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><strong style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Meaning:</span></strong><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><span style="font-size: medium;">: through; across<br />: apart </span><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><blockquote style="background-color: white; border: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px; margin: 2px; padding: 5px;">
<div style="padding: 0px;">
<strong><span style="font-size: medium;">Example:</span></strong><br /><span style="font-size: medium;"><strong>diagonal</strong> = a straight line joining two opposite corners of a square, rectangle, or other straight-sided shape<br /><strong>diagram</strong> = a drawing that explains or shows the parts of something<br /><strong>diameter</strong> = a straight line passing from side to side through the center of a body or figure, esp. a circle or sphere<br /><strong>diuretic</strong> =increasing the volume of the urine excreted, as by a medicinal substance<br /><br /><strong>diakinesis</strong> = the fifth and last stage of the prophase of meiosis, following diplotene, when the separation of homologous chromosomes is complete and crossing over has occurred</span></div>
</blockquote>
<hr size="1" style="color: #555555; font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" />
<span font="" style="background-color: #ffecec; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 30px;"><span style="border: 2px solid;"> dis-, dif-, di- </span></span><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><strong style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Meaning:</span></strong><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><span style="font-size: medium;">: expressing negation<br />: denoting reversal or absence of an action or state<br /> : denoting separation<br /> : denoting expulsion<br />: denoting removal of the thing specified<br />: expressing completeness or intensification of an unpleasant or unattractive action</span><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><blockquote style="background-color: white; border: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px; margin: 2px; padding: 5px;">
<div style="padding: 0px;">
<strong><span style="font-size: medium;">Example:</span></strong><br /><span style="font-size: medium;"><strong>dislike</strong> = to not like (something or someone)<br /><strong>disease</strong> = an illness that affects a person, animal, or plant<br /><strong>disarm</strong> = to take weapons from (someone or something)<br /><strong>dismantle</strong> = to take (something, such as a machine or structure) apart so that it is in separate pieces<br /><strong>disable</strong> = to cause (something) to be unable to work in the normal way<br /><strong>distrust</strong> = to have no trust or confidence in (someone or something)<br /><strong>discontinue</strong> =to end (something) : stop<br /><strong>differ</strong> = to be different<br /><strong>different</strong> = not of the same kind : partly or totally unlike<br /><strong>diffuse</strong> = spread out over a large space : not concentrated in one area<br /><strong>dispute</strong> = a disagreement or argument</span></div>
</blockquote>
<hr size="1" style="color: #555555; font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" />
<span font="" style="background-color: #ffecec; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 30px;"><span style="border: 2px solid;"> ex-, e- </span></span><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><strong style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Meaning:</span></strong><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><span style="font-size: medium;">: out of<br />: outside<br />: former (but still living)<br />: (biology) Lacking</span><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><blockquote style="background-color: white; border: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px; margin: 2px; padding: 5px;">
<div style="padding: 0px;">
<strong><span style="font-size: medium;">Example:</span></strong><br /><span style="font-size: medium;"><strong>exit</strong> = something (such as a door) that is used as a way to go out of a place<br /><strong>exodus</strong> = a situation in which many people leave a place at the same time<br /><strong>expel</strong> =to officially force (someone) to leave a place or organization<br /><strong>exhale</strong> = to breathe out<br /><strong>extract</strong> = to remove (something) by pulling it out or cutting it out<br /><strong>except</strong> = not including (someone or something) : other than (something or someone)<br /><strong>expression</strong> =the act or an instance of transforming ideas into words : a manifestation of an emotion, feeling, etc,<br /><strong>ex-directory </strong>= Brit, of a telephone number : not shown in a telephone directory : unlisted<br /><strong>ex-wife</strong> = a woman who was formerly a particular man's wife<br /><strong>eject</strong> =to force (someone) to leave : to push (something) out<br /><strong>evacuate</strong> =to remove (someone) from a dangerous place : medical : to pass (solid waste) from your body<br /><strong>emit</strong> =to send (light, energy, etc.) out from a source </span></div>
</blockquote>
<hr size="1" style="color: #555555; font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" />
<span font="" style="background-color: #ffecec; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 30px;"><span style="border: 2px solid;"> extra-, extro- </span></span><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><strong style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Meaning:</span></strong><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><span style="font-size: medium;">: outside, beyond </span><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><blockquote style="background-color: white; border: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px; margin: 2px; padding: 5px;">
<div style="padding: 0px;">
<strong><span style="font-size: medium;">Example:</span></strong><br /><span style="font-size: medium;"><strong>extraordinary</strong> = very unusual : very different from what is normal or ordinary<br /><strong>extramural</strong> = existing or functioning outside or beyond the walls, boundaries, or precincts of an organized unit<br /><strong>extraterritorial</strong> = existing or taking place outside the territorial limits of a jurisdiction<br /><strong>extracurricular</strong> = (of an activity at a school or college) pursued in addition to the normal course of study<br /><strong>extraterrestrial</strong> = coming from or existing outside the planet Earth<br /><strong>extrovert</strong> = a friendly person who likes being with and talking to other people : an outgoing person </span></div>
</blockquote>
<hr size="1" style="color: #555555; font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" />
<br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" />Anonymousnoreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8137807130381503687.post-51257683683243872982012-09-28T08:04:00.002+09:002012-09-28T08:04:52.761+09:00Verb and Adverb Suffixes in English<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-vgRBBXfNwvg/UGTbZoy_rzI/AAAAAAAABq0/pClwRHR9Wdk/s1600/verb+and+adverb+suffix.jpeg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-vgRBBXfNwvg/UGTbZoy_rzI/AAAAAAAABq0/pClwRHR9Wdk/s1600/verb+and+adverb+suffix.jpeg" /></a></div>
<div align="center" style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;">
<br /><br /><br /><strong><span style="font-size: large;">Verb and Adverb suffixes in English</span></strong></div>
<br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br /><a name='more'></a><br /><br /><br /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><strong style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;"><span style="font-size: large;">Adverbs</span></strong><span style="background-color: #fbfefe; font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;"> </span><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><hr size="1" style="color: #555555; font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" />
<span font="" style="background-color: #c8ffc8; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 30px;"> -ly </span><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><span style="font-size: medium;"><strong>Meaning:</strong></span><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><span style="font-size: medium;">・ forming adverbs from adjectives, chiefly denoting manner or degree<br /> : in a (specified) manner (e.g. <strong>slowly</strong>)<br /> : at a (specified) time interval (e.g. <strong>annually</strong>)<br /><br /> : from a (specified) point of view (e.g. <strong>eschatologically</strong>)<br /><br /> : with respect to (e.g. <strong>partly</strong>)<br /><br /> : to a (specified) degree (e.g. <strong>relatively</strong>)<br /><br /> : in a (specified) place in a series (e.g. <strong>secondly</strong> ) </span><span style="background-color: #fbfefe; font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;"></span><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><blockquote style="background-color: white; border: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px; margin: 2px; padding: 5px;">
<div style="padding: 0px;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><strong>Example:</strong></span><br /><br /><strong><span style="font-size: medium;">weekly, deeply, slowly, suddenly, definitely, anualy, notably, responsibly, terribly, quickly, clearly, gradually, typically</span></strong></div>
</blockquote>
<br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><hr size="1" style="color: #555555; font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" />
<span font="" style="background-color: #c8ffc8; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 30px;"> -ward, -wards (adverb) </span><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><span style="font-size: medium;"><strong>Meaning:</strong></span><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><span style="font-size: medium;">: forming adverbs denoting course or direction to, or motion or tendency toward </span><span style="background-color: #fbfefe; font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;"></span><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><blockquote style="background-color: white; border: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px; margin: 2px; padding: 5px;">
<div style="padding: 0px;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><strong>Example:</strong></span><br /><br /><strong><span style="font-size: medium;">backward(s), upward(s), downward(s), forward(s), earthward(s), eastward(s), westward(s), northward(s), southward(s), afterward(s), skyward(s), rightward(s), leftward(s)</span></strong></div>
</blockquote>
<br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><hr size="1" style="color: #555555; font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" />
<span font="" style="background-color: #c8ffc8; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 30px;"> -ways (adverb) </span><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><span style="font-size: medium;"><strong>Meaning:</strong></span><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><span style="font-size: medium;">: in (such) a way, course, direction, or manner </span><span style="background-color: #fbfefe; font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;"></span><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><blockquote style="background-color: white; border: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px; margin: 2px; padding: 5px;">
<div style="padding: 0px;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><strong>Example:</strong></span><br /><br /><strong><span style="font-size: medium;">sideways, anyways, someways, edgeways, lengthways, longways, always</span></strong></div>
</blockquote>
<br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><hr size="1" style="color: #555555; font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" />
<span font="" style="background-color: #c8ffc8; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 30px;"> -wide (adverb) </span><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><span style="font-size: medium;"><strong>Meaning:</strong></span><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><span style="font-size: medium;">: Throughout the specified area </span><span style="background-color: #fbfefe; font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;"></span><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><blockquote style="background-color: white; border: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px; margin: 2px; padding: 5px;">
<div style="padding: 0px;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><strong>Example:</strong></span><br /><br /><strong><span style="font-size: medium;">nationwide, worldwide, coutrywide, townwide, citywide, islandwide, regionwide, statewide</span></strong></div>
</blockquote>
<br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><hr size="1" style="color: #555555; font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" />
<span font="" style="background-color: #c8ffc8; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 30px;"> -wise (adverb) </span><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><span style="font-size: medium;"><strong>Meaning:</strong></span><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><span style="font-size: medium;">: in the manner of<br />: in the position or direction of<br />: with regard to : in respect of </span><span style="background-color: #fbfefe; font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;"></span><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><blockquote style="background-color: white; border: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px; margin: 2px; padding: 5px;">
<div style="padding: 0px;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><strong>Example:</strong></span><br /><br /><strong><span style="font-size: medium;">clockwise, fanwise, crabwise, slantwise, dollarwise, otherwise, anywise, likewise, lengthwise, taxwise, crosswise</span></strong></div>
</blockquote>
<br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><hr size="1" style="color: #555555; font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" />
<br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><strong style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;"><span style="font-size: large;">Verbs</span></strong><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><hr size="1" style="color: #555555; font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" />
<span font="" style="background-color: lightsalmon; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 30px;"> -ate (verb) </span><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><span style="font-size: medium;"><strong>Meaning:</strong></span><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><span style="font-size: medium;">(in verbs) to act in the specified manner </span><span style="background-color: #fbfefe; font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;"></span><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><blockquote style="background-color: white; border: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px; margin: 2px; padding: 5px;">
<div style="padding: 0px;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><strong>Example:</strong></span><br /><br /><strong><span style="font-size: medium;">initiate, regulate, activate, debate, separate, segregate, insulate, isolate, cooperate, collaborate, concentrate, educate, eradicate, accelerate, demonstrate, hyphenate, fascinate, irritate, devastate, evacuate, motivate</span></strong></div>
</blockquote>
<br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><hr size="1" style="color: #555555; font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" />
<span font="" style="background-color: lightsalmon; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 30px;"> -fy, -ify </span><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><span style="font-size: medium;"><strong>Meaning:</strong></span><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><span style="font-size: medium;">: forming verbs denoting the making of a state defined by an adjective<br />: forming verbs expressing a causative sense </span><span style="background-color: #fbfefe; font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;"></span><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><blockquote style="background-color: white; border: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px; margin: 2px; padding: 5px;">
<div style="padding: 0px;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><strong>Example:</strong></span><br /><br /><strong><span style="font-size: medium;">simplify, horrify, terrify, satisfy, identify, clarify, specify, amplify, classify, pacify, qualify, testify, mystify, nullify, electrify, dignify, certify, defy, exemplify, modify, justify, intensify, purify, notify, unify, verify</span></strong></div>
</blockquote>
<br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><hr size="1" style="color: #555555; font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" />
<span font="" style="background-color: lightsalmon; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 30px;"> -ize, -ise </span><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><span style="font-size: medium;"><strong>Meaning:</strong></span><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><span style="font-size: medium;">:make or become<br /> :cause to resemble<br /><br />:treat in a specified way : pasteurize.<br /> :treat or cause to combine with a specified substance<br /><br />: follow a specified practice<br /> : subject to a practice </span><span style="background-color: #fbfefe; font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;"></span><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><blockquote style="background-color: white; border: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px; margin: 2px; padding: 5px;">
<div style="padding: 0px;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><strong>Example:</strong></span><br /><br /><strong><span style="font-size: medium;">socialize, civilize, authorize, idolize, theorize, hypnotize, privatize, Americanize, organize, terrorize, advertise, materialize, realize, emphasize, televise, exercise, excise, surprise, arise, disguise, despise, advise, compromise, comprise, revise, supervise, summarize</span></strong></div>
</blockquote>
<br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><hr size="1" style="color: #555555; font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" />
<span font="" style="background-color: lightsalmon; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 30px;"> -en (verb) </span><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><span style="font-size: medium;"><strong>Meaning:</strong></span><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><span style="font-size: medium;">suffix forming verbs:<br /> :(from adjectives) denoting the development, creation, or intensification of a state<br /> : from nouns (such as strengthen from strength) </span><span style="background-color: #fbfefe; font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;"></span><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><blockquote style="background-color: white; border: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px; margin: 2px; padding: 5px;">
<div style="padding: 0px;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><strong>Example:</strong></span><br /><br /><strong><span style="font-size: medium;">widen, deepen, loosen, lighten, enlighten,deafen, darken, sharpen, heighten, lengthen, listen, frighten, lesson, broaden, fasten, tighten, weaken, straighten, thicken, harden, freshen</span></strong></div>
</blockquote>
<br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><hr size="1" style="color: #555555; font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" />
<span style="font-size: medium;">More suffixes → <a href="http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Category:English_suffixes" style="color: royalblue; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank" title="http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Category:English_suffixes">http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Category:English_suffixes</a></span><span style="background-color: #fbfefe; font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;"> </span>Anonymousnoreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8137807130381503687.post-81570649448553648592012-09-28T08:03:00.000+09:002012-09-28T08:03:00.062+09:00Adjective Suffixes in English <br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-CoI2cPXX1MA/UGTbCnlgusI/AAAAAAAABqs/32WeWDjzxr8/s1600/adjective+suffix1.jpeg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-CoI2cPXX1MA/UGTbCnlgusI/AAAAAAAABqs/32WeWDjzxr8/s1600/adjective+suffix1.jpeg" /></a></div>
<div align="center" style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;">
<br /><br /><strong><span style="font-size: large;">Adjective suffixes in English</span></strong></div>
<br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><a name='more'></a><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><span style="font-size: medium;">Noun suffixes in English → <a href="http://akarusan.blog101.fc2.com/blog-entry-132.html" style="color: royalblue; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank" title="http://akarusan.blog101.fc2.com/blog-entry-132.html">http://akarusan.blog101.fc2.com/blog-entry-132.html</a> </span><span style="background-color: #fbfefe; font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;"></span><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><strong style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;"><span style="font-size: large;">List of adjective suffixes</span></strong><span style="background-color: #fbfefe; font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;"> </span><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><span font="" style="background-color: #ffd770; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 30px;"> -cal, -al (adjective) </span><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><span style="font-size: medium;"><strong>Meaning:</strong></span><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><span style="font-size: medium;">: (forming adjectives) <strong>relating to; of the kind of</strong><br /> : from Latin words<br /> : from Greek words<br /> : from English nouns </span><span style="background-color: #fbfefe; font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;"></span><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><blockquote style="background-color: white; border: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px; margin: 2px; padding: 5px;">
<div style="padding: 0px;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><strong>Example:</strong></span><br /><br /><strong><span style="font-size: medium;">annual, basal, accidental, historical, comical, tidal, regional, natural, nominal, focal, manual, gradual, sensual, logical, beneficial, actual, chemical, eternal, fetal, ideal, revival, paternal, musical, rhythmical</span></strong></div>
</blockquote>
<br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><hr size="1" style="color: #555555; font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" />
<span font="" style="background-color: #ffd770; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 30px;"> -ary, -ory (adjective) </span><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><span style="font-size: medium;"><strong>Meaning:</strong></span><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><span style="font-size: medium;">: of, relating to, connected with or characterized by<br />: serving for, producing, or maintaining</span><span style="background-color: #fbfefe; font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;"></span><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><blockquote style="background-color: white; border: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px; margin: 2px; padding: 5px;">
<div style="padding: 0px;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><strong>Example:</strong></span><br /><br /><strong><span style="font-size: medium;">primary, budgetary, ordinary, temporary, revolutionary, military, capillary, advocatory, binary, traditionary, distortionary, imaginary</span></strong></div>
</blockquote>
<br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><hr size="1" style="color: #555555; font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" />
<span font="" style="background-color: #ffd770; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 30px;"> -ful (adjective) </span><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><span style="font-size: medium;"><strong>Meaning:</strong></span><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><span style="font-size: medium;">: full of<br />: characterized by<br />: having the qualities of<br />: tending, given, or liable to </span><span style="background-color: #fbfefe; font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;"></span><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><blockquote style="background-color: white; border: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px; margin: 2px; padding: 5px;">
<div style="padding: 0px;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><strong>Example:</strong></span><br /><br /><strong><span style="font-size: medium;">beautiful, frightful, helpful, prideful, peaceful, fanciful, sorrowful, watchful, harmful, changeful, hopeful,useful, forgetful, awful, powerful, sinful, successful, painful, neglectful</span></strong></div>
</blockquote>
<br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><hr size="1" style="color: #555555; font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" />
<span font="" style="background-color: #ffd770; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 30px;"> -ic, -ac, (adjective) </span><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><span style="font-size: medium;"><strong>Meaning:</strong></span><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><span style="font-size: medium;">: having the character or form of : being : consisting of<br /> : of or relating to<br /> : related to, derived from, or containing<br />: in the manner of : like that of : characteristic of<br />: associated or dealing with : utilizing<br />: characterized by : exhibiting : affected with<br />: caused by<br />: tending to produce<br />: having a valence relatively higher than in compounds or ions named with an adjective ending in -<strong>ous</strong> </span><span style="background-color: #fbfefe; font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;"></span><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><blockquote style="background-color: white; border: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px; margin: 2px; padding: 5px;">
<div style="padding: 0px;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><strong>Example:</strong></span><br /><br /><strong><span style="font-size: medium;">alcoholic, electronic, allergic, Islamic, Arabic, Catholic, Buddhistic, mystic, genic, ethnic, plastic, egoistic, ironic, cosmic, chronic, amnesiac</span></strong></div>
</blockquote>
<br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><hr size="1" style="color: #555555; font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" />
<span font="" style="background-color: #ffd770; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 30px;"> -id, -oid (adjecitve) </span><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><span style="font-size: medium;"><strong>Meaning:</strong></span><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><span style="font-size: medium;">: of or pertaining to; appended to various <strong>foreign words</strong> to make an English adjective form.<br />Often added to words of Greek, sometimes Latin, origin.<br /><br />: (-<strong>oid</strong>) Of similar form to, but not the same as. Having the likeness of. </span><span style="background-color: #fbfefe; font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;"></span><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><blockquote style="background-color: white; border: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px; margin: 2px; padding: 5px;">
<div style="padding: 0px;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><strong>Example:</strong></span><br /><br /><strong><span style="font-size: medium;">fluid, humid, candid, timid, tepid, solid, horrid, humanoid, android, valid, stupid, acid, rigid, rabid, rapid, vivid, lucid, liquid</span></strong></div>
</blockquote>
<br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><hr size="1" style="color: #555555; font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" />
<span font="" style="background-color: #ffd770; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 30px;"> -ine (adjective) </span><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><span style="font-size: medium;"><strong>Meaning:</strong></span><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><span style="font-size: medium;">: (forming adjectives) belonging to; resembling in nature<br />: forming adjectives from taxonomic names<br />: forming adjectives from the names of minerals, plants, etc.</span><span style="background-color: #fbfefe; font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;"> </span><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><blockquote style="background-color: white; border: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px; margin: 2px; padding: 5px;">
<div style="padding: 0px;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><strong>Example:</strong></span><br /><br /><strong><span style="font-size: medium;">feminine, masculine, canine, bovine, serpentine, feline, divine</span></strong></div>
</blockquote>
<br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><hr size="1" style="color: #555555; font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" />
<span font="" style="background-color: #ffd770; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 30px;"> -ate </span><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><span style="font-size: medium;"><strong>Meaning:</strong></span><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><span style="font-size: medium;">: (in adjectives) having the specified thing<br />: (in adjectives) characterized by the specified thing<br />: (in adjectives) resembling the specified thing</span><span style="background-color: #fbfefe; font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;"> </span><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><blockquote style="background-color: white; border: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px; margin: 2px; padding: 5px;">
<div style="padding: 0px;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><strong>Example:</strong></span><br /><br /><strong><span style="font-size: medium;">separate, coordinate, associate, duplicate, segregate, delicate, indelicate, accurate, intermediate, private</span></strong></div>
</blockquote>
<br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><hr size="1" style="color: #555555; font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" />
<span font="" style="background-color: #ffd770; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 30px;"> -en, -n (adjective) </span><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><span style="font-size: medium;"><strong>Meaning:</strong></span><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><span style="font-size: medium;">suffix forming past participles of strong verbs:<br /> : as a regular inflection<br /> : as an adjective with a restricted adjectival sense (ex. sunken ship, etc.)<br />(See inflectional suffixes (-en) → <a href="http://akarusan.blog101.fc2.com/blog-entry-132.html" style="color: royalblue; text-decoration: none;" title="http://akarusan.blog101.fc2.com/blog-entry-132.html">http://akarusan.blog101.fc2.com/blog-entry-132.html</a>)<br /><br />suffix (also -n) forming adjectives from nouns<br /> : made or consisting of<br /> : resembling </span><span style="background-color: #fbfefe; font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;"></span><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><blockquote style="background-color: white; border: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px; margin: 2px; padding: 5px;">
<div style="padding: 0px;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><strong>Example:</strong></span><br /><br /><strong><span style="font-size: medium;">spoken (adj.), sworn (adj.), mistaken (adj.), forbidden (adj.), torn (adj.), ashen, golden, silvern, bronzen, wheaten, earthen, woolen, oaken, wooden, brazen, leaden, silken</span></strong></div>
</blockquote>
<br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><hr size="1" style="color: #555555; font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" />
<span font="" style="background-color: #ffd770; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 30px;"> -escent, -ent, -ant </span><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><span style="font-size: medium;"><strong>Meaning:</strong></span><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><span style="font-size: medium;">: forming adjectives denoting a developing state or action: becoming, beginning to be<br />: (forming adjectives) denoting attribution of an action or state<br />: resembling</span><span style="background-color: #fbfefe; font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;"> </span><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><blockquote style="background-color: white; border: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px; margin: 2px; padding: 5px;">
<div style="padding: 0px;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><strong>Example:</strong></span><br /><br /><strong><span style="font-size: medium;">adolescent, absent, prevalent, complacent, different, excellent, independent, efficient, present, dependent, convenient, ardent, eloquent, arrogant, expectant, malevolent, malignant, significant, vacant, important, elegant, brilliant</span></strong></div>
</blockquote>
<br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><hr size="1" style="color: #555555; font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" />
<span font="" style="background-color: #ffd770; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 30px;"> -ese </span><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><span style="font-size: medium;"><strong>Meaning:</strong></span><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><span style="font-size: medium;">: of, relating to, or originating in (a certain place or country)</span><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><blockquote style="background-color: white; border: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px; margin: 2px; padding: 5px;">
<div style="padding: 0px;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><strong>Example:</strong></span><br /><br /><strong><span style="font-size: medium;">Japanese, Chinese, Vietnamese, Parmese, Portuguese, genovese</span></strong></div>
</blockquote>
<br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><hr size="1" style="color: #555555; font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" />
<span font="" style="background-color: #ffd770; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 30px;"> -fic </span><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><span style="font-size: medium;"><strong>Meaning:</strong></span><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><span style="font-size: medium;">: (forming adjectives) producing; making ; causing </span><span style="background-color: #fbfefe; font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;"></span><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><blockquote style="background-color: white; border: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px; margin: 2px; padding: 5px;">
<div style="padding: 0px;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><strong>Example:</strong></span><br /><br /><strong><span style="font-size: medium;">prolific, scientific, specific, terrific, horrific</span></strong></div>
</blockquote>
<br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><hr size="1" style="color: #555555; font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" />
<span font="" style="background-color: #ffd770; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 30px;"> -ish </span><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><span style="font-size: medium;"><strong>Meaning:</strong></span><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><span style="font-size: medium;">: of, relating to, or being ―chiefly in adjectives indicating nationality or ethnic group<br /><br />: characteristic of<br />: inclined or liable to<br />: having a touch or trace of : somewhat<br />: having the approximate age of</span><span style="background-color: #fbfefe; font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;"> </span><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><blockquote style="background-color: white; border: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px; margin: 2px; padding: 5px;">
<div style="padding: 0px;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><strong>Example:</strong></span><br /><br /><strong><span style="font-size: medium;">Finnish, Turkish, Scottish, British, Irish, English, Spanish, Danish, Swedish, whitish, yellowish, greenish, reddish, boyish, girlish, childish, doltish, foolish, coldish, sixish</span></strong> (denoting an approximate age or time)</div>
</blockquote>
<br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><hr size="1" style="color: #555555; font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" />
<span font="" style="background-color: #ffd770; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 30px;"> -ive </span><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><span style="font-size: medium;"><strong>Meaning:</strong></span><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><span style="font-size: medium;">: (forming adjectives, also nouns derived from them) tending to; having the nature of </span><span style="background-color: #fbfefe; font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;"></span><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><blockquote style="background-color: white; border: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px; margin: 2px; padding: 5px;">
<div style="padding: 0px;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><strong>Example:</strong></span><br /><br /><strong><span style="font-size: medium;">amusive, native, positive, passive, active, aggressive, defensive, corrosive, palliative, affirmative, negative, sensitive, quantitative, qualitative, massive, causative, creative, narrative, pensive, sedative, vindictive, conclusive, constructive, corrective, derivative, diminutive</span></strong></div>
</blockquote>
<br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><hr size="1" style="color: #555555; font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" />
<span font="" style="background-color: #ffd770; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 30px;"> -less </span><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><span style="font-size: medium;"><strong>Meaning:</strong></span><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><span style="font-size: medium;">: (from nouns) not having; without; free from<br />: (from verbs) not affected by or not carrying out the action of the verb </span><span style="background-color: #fbfefe; font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;"></span><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><blockquote style="background-color: white; border: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px; margin: 2px; padding: 5px;">
<div style="padding: 0px;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><strong>Example:</strong></span><br /><br /><strong><span style="font-size: medium;">flavorless, skinless, childless, witless, restless, ruthless, worthless, mindless, careless, endless, ceaseless, useless</span></strong></div>
</blockquote>
<br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><hr size="1" style="color: #555555; font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" />
<span font="" style="background-color: #ffd770; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 30px;"> -y, -ly </span><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><span style="font-size: medium;"><strong>Meaning:</strong></span><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><span style="font-size: medium;">: having the qualities of<br />: recurring at intervals of<br />: (from verbs) inclined to; apt to </span><span style="background-color: #fbfefe; font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;"></span><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><blockquote style="background-color: white; border: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px; margin: 2px; padding: 5px;">
<div style="padding: 0px;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><strong>Example:</strong></span><br /><br /><strong><span style="font-size: medium;">brotherly, silky, monthly, yearly, weekly, daily, hourly, quarterly, shinny, messy, milky, tinny, sticky, bossy, sleepy, sleazy, dandy, stately</span></strong></div>
</blockquote>
<br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><hr size="1" style="color: #555555; font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" />
<span font="" style="background-color: #ffd770; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 30px;"> -ous, -ious </span><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><span style="font-size: medium;"><strong>Meaning:</strong></span><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><span style="font-size: medium;">: full of : abounding in : having : possessing the qualities of<br />: having a valence lower than in compounds or ions named with an adjective ending in -<strong>ic </strong></span><span style="background-color: #fbfefe; font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;"></span><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><blockquote style="background-color: white; border: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px; margin: 2px; padding: 5px;">
<div style="padding: 0px;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><strong>Example:</strong></span><br /><br /><strong><span style="font-size: medium;">joyous, courageous, vicious, dangerous, mountainous, ambitious, murderous, marvelous, poisonous, humorous, hilarious, notorious, nutritious, pompous, continuous, previous, nervous, delicious</span></strong></div>
</blockquote>
<br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><hr size="1" style="color: #555555; font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" />
<span font="" style="background-color: #ffd770; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 30px;"> -esque </span><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><span style="font-size: medium;"><strong>Meaning:</strong></span><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><span style="font-size: medium;">: (forming adjectives) in the style of; resembling </span><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><blockquote style="background-color: white; border: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px; margin: 2px; padding: 5px;">
<div style="padding: 0px;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><strong>Example:</strong></span><br /><br /><strong><span style="font-size: medium;">arabesque, picturesque, statuesque, grotesque, sculpturesque, Romanesque</span></strong></div>
</blockquote>
<br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><hr size="1" style="color: #555555; font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" />
<span font="" style="background-color: #ffd770; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 30px;"> -an </span><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><span style="font-size: medium;"><strong>Meaning:</strong></span><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><span style="font-size: medium;">: of or belonging to<br />: characteristic of </span><span style="background-color: #fbfefe; font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;"></span><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><blockquote style="background-color: white; border: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px; margin: 2px; padding: 5px;">
<div style="padding: 0px;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><strong>Example:</strong></span><br /><br /><strong><span style="font-size: medium;">American, European, Mexican, Floridan, Columbian, Russian, African, Asian, Arabian, Australian, German, Indian, Republican, Christian, Roman, veteran</span></strong></div>
</blockquote>
<br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><hr size="1" style="color: #555555; font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" />
<span font="" style="background-color: #ffd770; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 30px;"> -ern </span><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><span style="font-size: medium;"><strong>Meaning:</strong></span><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><span style="font-size: medium;">: (forming adjective) direction</span><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><span style="font-size: medium;">: having to do with, or having the nature or character of, and pertaining to.</span><span style="background-color: #fbfefe; font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;"> </span><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><blockquote style="background-color: white; border: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px; margin: 2px; padding: 5px;">
<div style="padding: 0px;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><strong>Example:</strong></span><br /><br /><strong><span style="font-size: medium;">eastern, western, northern, southern, modern, northwestern, southeastern</span></strong></div>
</blockquote>
<br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><hr size="1" style="color: #555555; font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" />
<span font="" style="background-color: #ffd770; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 30px;"> -ar </span><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><span style="font-size: medium;"><strong>Meaning:</strong></span><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><span style="font-size: medium;">: of the kind specified; relating to </span><span style="background-color: #fbfefe; font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;"></span><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><blockquote style="background-color: white; border: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px; margin: 2px; padding: 5px;">
<div style="padding: 0px;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><strong>Example:</strong></span><br /><br /><strong><span style="font-size: medium;">lunar, molecular, familiar, muscular, spectacular, oracular, linear, regular, irregular, clear, nuclear, ocular, popular, polar, solar, vulgar</span></strong></div>
</blockquote>
<br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><hr size="1" style="color: #555555; font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" />
<span font="" style="background-color: #ffd770; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 30px;"> -ible, -able </span><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><span style="font-size: medium;"><strong>Meaning:</strong></span><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><span style="font-size: medium;">: able to be : audible<br />: suitable for being<br />: causing : terrible<br />: having the quality to</span><span style="background-color: #fbfefe; font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;"> </span><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><blockquote style="background-color: white; border: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px; margin: 2px; padding: 5px;">
<div style="padding: 0px;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><strong>Example:</strong></span><br /><br /><strong><span style="font-size: medium;">liable, reliable, capable, incredible, terrible, visible, invisible, movable, fashionable, eatable, seasonable, lovable, reasonable, possible, impossible, impressible, reducible, convertible, suitable, horrible, audible, defensible, responsible, irresponsible</span></strong></div>
</blockquote>
<br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><hr size="1" style="color: #555555; font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" />
<span font="" style="background-color: #ffd770; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 30px;"> -ile </span><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><span style="font-size: medium;"><strong>Meaning:</strong></span><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><span style="font-size: medium;">: tending to or capable of</span><span style="background-color: #fbfefe; font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;"> </span><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><blockquote style="background-color: white; border: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px; margin: 2px; padding: 5px;">
<div style="padding: 0px;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><strong>Example:</strong></span><br /><br /><strong><span style="font-size: medium;">contractile, servile, juvenile, fragile, mobile, tactile, facile, votatile</span></strong></div>
</blockquote>
<br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><hr size="1" style="color: #555555; font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" />
<span font="" style="background-color: #ffd770; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 30px;"> -most (adjective) </span><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><span style="font-size: medium;"><strong>Meaning:</strong></span><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><span style="font-size: medium;">: forming superlative adjectives and adverbs from prepositions and other words indicating relative position</span><span style="background-color: #fbfefe; font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;"> </span><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><blockquote style="background-color: white; border: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px; margin: 2px; padding: 5px;">
<div style="padding: 0px;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><strong>Example:</strong></span><br /><br /><strong><span style="font-size: medium;">almost, utmost, topmost, rearmost, inmost, foremost, uppermost, bottommost, easternmost, furthermost, leftmost, hindmost, outermost</span></strong></div>
</blockquote>
<br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><hr size="1" style="color: #555555; font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" />
<span font="" style="background-color: #ffd770; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 30px;"> -some </span><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><span style="font-size: medium;"><strong>Meaning:</strong></span><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><span style="font-size: medium;">: characterized by a (specified) thing, quality, state, or action </span><span style="background-color: #fbfefe; font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;"></span><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><blockquote style="background-color: white; border: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px; margin: 2px; padding: 5px;">
<div style="padding: 0px;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><strong>Example:</strong></span><br /><br /><strong><span style="font-size: medium;">awesome, burdensome, cuddlesome, troublesome, lonesome, twosome, loathsome, wholesome, tiresome, handsome, cumbersome, fearsome, irksome</span></strong></div>
</blockquote>
<br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><hr size="1" style="color: #555555; font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" />
<span font="" style="background-color: #ffd770; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 30px;"> -ways (adjective) </span><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><span style="font-size: medium;"><strong>Meaning:</strong></span><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><span style="font-size: medium;">towards, in the direction towards.</span><span style="background-color: #fbfefe; font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;"> </span><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><blockquote style="background-color: white; border: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px; margin: 2px; padding: 5px;">
<div style="padding: 0px;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><strong>Example:</strong></span><br /><br /><strong><span style="font-size: medium;">sideways, lengthways, longways</span></strong></div>
</blockquote>
<br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><hr size="1" style="color: #555555; font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" />
<span font="" style="background-color: #ffd770; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 30px;"> -wise (adjective) </span><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><span style="font-size: medium;"><strong>Meaning:</strong></span><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><span style="font-size: medium;">: of manner or respect</span><span style="background-color: #fbfefe; font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;"> </span><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><blockquote style="background-color: white; border: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px; margin: 2px; padding: 5px;">
<div style="padding: 0px;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><strong>Example:</strong></span><br /><br /><strong><span style="font-size: medium;">clockwise, lengthwise</span></strong></div>
</blockquote>
<br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><hr size="1" style="color: #555555; font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" />
<span style="font-size: medium;">More suffixes → <a href="http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Category:English_suffixes" style="color: royalblue;" target="_blank" title="http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Category:English_suffixes">http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Category:English_suffixes</a></span><span style="background-color: #fbfefe; font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;"> </span><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" />Anonymousnoreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8137807130381503687.post-50684647231841118782012-09-28T08:00:00.004+09:002012-09-28T08:00:51.733+09:00Noun Suffixes in English<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-xBvmgTyLOSg/UGTaVU6sCXI/AAAAAAAABqc/PtrNIcuIaLc/s1600/noun+suffix1.jpeg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-xBvmgTyLOSg/UGTaVU6sCXI/AAAAAAAABqc/PtrNIcuIaLc/s1600/noun+suffix1.jpeg" /></a></div>
<div align="center" style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;">
<br /><br /><br /><strong><span style="font-size: large;">Noun suffixes in English</span></strong></div>
<br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><a name='more'></a><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><span font="" style="background-color: #fffdd7; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 50px;"><span style="border: 2px solid;"> Suffix </span></span><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><span style="font-size: medium;">A <strong>suffix</strong> is a letter or a group of letters attached to <strong>the end of a word</strong> <u>to alter <strong>the grammatical function of the original word</strong> </u>or <u>to form a <strong>new word</strong></u>. </span><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><hr size="1" style="color: #555555; font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" />
<span font="" style="background-color: #c8ffc8; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 30px;"><span style="border: 2px solid;"> 1: Inflectional suffixes </span></span><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><span style="font-size: medium;">An inflection that is added at<u> the <strong>end</strong> of a<strong> *root word</strong></u> to express a grammatical function or attribute such as <strong>tense</strong>, <strong>mood</strong>, <strong>person</strong>, <strong>number</strong>, <strong>case</strong>, and <strong>gender</strong>.</span><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><span style="font-size: medium;">Inflectional suffixes do <span style="color: red;">not</span> change <strong>the essential meaning of the original word</strong>.</span><span style="background-color: #fbfefe; font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;"> </span><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><blockquote style="background-color: white; border: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px; margin: 2px; padding: 5px;">
<div style="padding: 0px;">
<strong><span style="font-size: large;">Root</span></strong><br /><span style="font-size: medium;">The<strong> root word</strong> is <strong>the primary lexical unit of a word, and of a word family</strong> (root is then called base word), which <u>carries the most significant aspects of semantic content</u> and<u><span style="color: red;">cannot</span> be reduced into smaller constituents</u>.<br /><br />; A <strong>morpheme</strong></span></div>
</blockquote>
<br />
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgvWyb9xRmP2-3HUh-pm1nbaMkcigylXXZsvFIC8gIBf-TemdW3APtQfHHHbkBQhdlbA8XBIigmsbHeRxXg53K4tlBTws9RbeOmGfCRlDgVPWJ54esA2QJtou7ffEgkqYXEOew4IuTgUfc/s1600/noun+suffix2.jpeg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgvWyb9xRmP2-3HUh-pm1nbaMkcigylXXZsvFIC8gIBf-TemdW3APtQfHHHbkBQhdlbA8XBIigmsbHeRxXg53K4tlBTws9RbeOmGfCRlDgVPWJ54esA2QJtou7ffEgkqYXEOew4IuTgUfc/s1600/noun+suffix2.jpeg" /></a></div>
<br />
<br />
<br /><hr size="1" style="color: #555555; font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" />
<span font="" style="background-color: #c8ffc8; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 30px;"><span style="border: 2px solid;"> 2: Derivational suffixes </span></span><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><span style="font-size: medium;"><strong>Derivational suffixes</strong> are <u>used to make (or derive) <strong>new words</strong></u>, <strong>often of a different part of speech</strong>.</span><span style="background-color: #fbfefe; font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;"> </span><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><span style="font-size: medium;">For example, the verb "<strong>read</strong>" can be made into the noun <strong>reader</strong> by adding the suffix -<strong>er</strong>;<strong>read</strong> can be made into the adjective <strong>readable</strong> by adding the suffix -<strong>able</strong>. </span><span style="background-color: #fbfefe; font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;"></span><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><strong style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;"><span style="font-size: large;">List of noun suffixes </span></strong><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><hr size="1" style="color: #555555; font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" />
<br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><span font="" style="background-color: #ffecec; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 30px;"> -al (noun) </span><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><span style="font-size: medium;"><strong>Meaning:</strong></span><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><span style="font-size: medium;">: Forming nouns, especially of<strong> verbal action</strong>.</span><span style="background-color: #fbfefe; font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;"> </span><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><blockquote style="background-color: white; border: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px; margin: 2px; padding: 5px;">
<div style="padding: 0px;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><strong>Example:</strong></span><br /><br /><strong><span style="font-size: medium;">denial, refusal, trial, arrival, proposal, rival, removal, reversal</span></strong></div>
</blockquote>
<br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><hr size="1" style="color: #555555; font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" />
<span font="" style="background-color: #ffecec; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 30px;"> -ary (noun) </span><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><span style="font-size: medium;"><strong>Meaning:</strong></span><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><span style="font-size: medium;">: person or thing belonging to, connected with, or engaged in</span><span style="background-color: #fbfefe; font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;"> </span><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><blockquote style="background-color: white; border: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px; margin: 2px; padding: 5px;">
<div style="padding: 0px;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><strong>Example:</strong></span><br /><br /><strong><span style="font-size: medium;">functionary, ovary, dictionary, military, dormitory, vocabulary, anniversary, commentary, accessary, adversary, diary, glossary, judiciary, library, salary, sanctuary, seminary, summary</span></strong></div>
</blockquote>
<br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><hr size="1" style="color: #555555; font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" />
<span font="" style="background-color: #ffecec; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 30px;"> -ful (noun) </span><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><span style="font-size: medium;"><strong>Meaning:</strong></span><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><span style="background-color: #fbfefe; font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;"> </span><span style="font-size: medium;">Forming nouns denoting the amount needed to fill the specified container, holder,etc..</span><span style="background-color: #fbfefe; font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;"> </span><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><blockquote style="background-color: white; border: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px; margin: 2px; padding: 5px;">
<div style="padding: 0px;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><strong>Example:</strong></span><br /><br /><strong><span style="font-size: medium;">roomful, cupful, mouthful, bowlful, handful</span></strong></div>
</blockquote>
<br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><hr size="1" style="color: #555555; font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" />
<span font="" style="background-color: #ffecec; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 30px;"> -ic (noun) </span><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><span style="font-size: medium;"><strong>Meaning:</strong></span><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><span style="font-size: medium;">: one having the character or nature of<br />: one belonging to or associated with<br />: one exhibiting or affected by<br />: one that produces .</span><span style="background-color: #fbfefe; font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;"> </span><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><blockquote style="background-color: white; border: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px; margin: 2px; padding: 5px;">
<div style="padding: 0px;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><strong>Example:</strong></span><br /><br /><strong><span style="font-size: medium;">lyric, mechanic, critic, logic, music, public, rhetoric, comic, chic, clinic, epic</span></strong></div>
</blockquote>
<br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><hr size="1" style="color: #555555; font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" />
<span font="" style="background-color: #ffecec; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 30px;"> -ance, -ence, -ancy </span><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><span style="font-size: medium;"><strong>Meaning:</strong></span><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><span style="font-size: medium;">: Added to the stem of a verb to form a noun indicating a state or condition, such as result or capacity, associated with the verb.<br /><br />: A process or action.</span><span style="background-color: #fbfefe; font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;"> </span><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><blockquote style="background-color: white; border: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px; margin: 2px; padding: 5px;">
<div style="padding: 0px;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><strong>Example:</strong></span><br /><br /><strong><span style="font-size: medium;">maintenance, eminence, assistance, allowance, defiance, prominence, distance, brilliancy, compliancy, constancy, elegancy, vacancy, independence, performance, emergence, reference, guidance</span></strong></div>
</blockquote>
<br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><hr size="1" style="color: #555555; font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" />
<span font="" style="background-color: #ffecec; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 30px;"> -dom </span><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><span style="font-size: medium;"><strong>Meaning:</strong></span><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><span style="font-size: medium;">: denoting a state or condition<br />: denoting rank or status<br />: denoting domain<br />: denoting a class of people or the attitudes associated with them, regarded collectively </span><span style="background-color: #fbfefe; font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;"></span><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><blockquote style="background-color: white; border: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px; margin: 2px; padding: 5px;">
<div style="padding: 0px;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><strong>Example:</strong></span><br /><br /><strong><span style="font-size: medium;">freedom, dukedom, kingdom, officialdom, Christendom, boredom, wisdom</span></strong></div>
</blockquote>
<br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><hr size="1" style="color: #555555; font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" />
<span font="" style="background-color: #ffecec; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 30px;"> -er, -or </span><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><span style="font-size: medium;"><strong>Meaning:</strong></span><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><span style="font-size: medium;">:denoting a person, animal, or thing that performs a specified action or activity.<br />:denoting a person or thing that has a specified attribute or form.<br />:denoting a person concerned with a specified thing or subject.<br />:denoting a person belonging to a specified place or group. </span><span style="background-color: #fbfefe; font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;"></span><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><blockquote style="background-color: white; border: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px; margin: 2px; padding: 5px;">
<div style="padding: 0px;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><strong>Example:</strong></span><br /><br /><strong><span style="font-size: medium;">learner, baker, fisher, writer, runner, farmer, sprinkler, foreigner , two-wheeler, philosopher, New Yorker, Londoner, sponsor, outsider, danger, highlander, diner, twitter</span></strong></div>
</blockquote>
<br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><hr size="1" style="color: #555555; font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" />
<span font="" style="background-color: #ffecec; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 30px;"> -ism </span><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><span style="font-size: medium;"><strong>Meaning:</strong></span><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><span style="font-size: medium;">: denoting an action or its result<br />: denoting a state or quality<br />: denoting a system, principle, or ideological movement<br />: denoting a basis for prejudice or discrimination<br />: denoting a peculiarity in language<br />: denoting a pathological condition </span><span style="background-color: #fbfefe; font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;"></span><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><blockquote style="background-color: white; border: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px; margin: 2px; padding: 5px;">
<div style="padding: 0px;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><strong>Example:</strong></span><br /><br /><strong><span style="font-size: medium;">criticism, racism, alcoholism, Buddism, Protestantism, stoicism, communism, capitalism, feminism</span></strong></div>
</blockquote>
<br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><hr size="1" style="color: #555555; font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" />
<span font="" style="background-color: #ffecec; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 30px;"> -ist </span><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><span style="font-size: medium;"><strong>Meaning:</strong></span><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><span style="font-size: medium;">: denoting an adherent of a system of beliefs, principles, etc., expressed by nouns ending in - ism<br />: denoting a member of a profession or business activity </span><span style="background-color: #fbfefe; font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;"></span><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><blockquote style="background-color: white; border: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px; margin: 2px; padding: 5px;">
<div style="padding: 0px;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><strong>Example:</strong></span><br /><br /><strong><span style="font-size: medium;">socialist, realist, chemist, novelist, Marxist, guitarist, violinist, racist, Buddhist, psychiatrist</span></strong></div>
</blockquote>
<br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><hr size="1" style="color: #555555; font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" />
<span font="" style="background-color: #ffecec; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 30px;"> -ity, -ty </span><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><span style="font-size: medium;"><strong>Meaning:</strong></span><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><span style="font-size: medium;">: forming nouns denoting quality, state, degree or condition.</span><span style="background-color: #fbfefe; font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;"> </span><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><blockquote style="background-color: white; border: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px; margin: 2px; padding: 5px;">
<div style="padding: 0px;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><strong>Example:</strong></span><br /><br /><strong><span style="font-size: medium;">activity, ability, Christianity, community, normality, priority, humanity, necessity, beauty, royalty, loyalty, forty, fifty</span></strong></div>
</blockquote>
<br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><hr size="1" style="color: #555555; font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" />
<span font="" style="background-color: #ffecec; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 30px;"> -ment </span><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><span style="font-size: medium;"><strong>Meaning:</strong></span><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><span style="font-size: medium;">: forming nouns expressing the means or result of an action<br />: forming nouns from adjectives</span><span style="background-color: #fbfefe; font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;"> </span><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><blockquote style="background-color: white; border: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px; margin: 2px; padding: 5px;">
<div style="padding: 0px;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><strong>Example:</strong></span><br /><br /><strong><span style="font-size: medium;">argument, element, government, amazement, contentment, commitment, treatment, entertainment, development, document, movement, payment, compliment, segment</span></strong></div>
</blockquote>
<br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><hr size="1" style="color: #555555; font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" />
<span font="" style="background-color: #ffecec; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 30px;"> -ness </span><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><span style="font-size: medium;"><strong>Meaning:</strong></span><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><span style="font-size: medium;">: state<br />: condition<br />: quality<br />: degree</span><span style="background-color: #fbfefe; font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;"></span><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><blockquote style="background-color: white; border: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px; margin: 2px; padding: 5px;">
<div style="padding: 0px;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><strong>Example:</strong></span><br /><br /><strong><span style="font-size: medium;">goodness, happiness, heaviness, sadness, kindness, wildness, ruthlessness, tiredness, business, carelessness, uselessness</span></strong></div>
</blockquote>
<br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><hr size="1" style="color: #555555; font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" />
<span font="" style="background-color: #ffecec; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 30px;"> -ship </span><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><span style="font-size: medium;"><strong>Meaning:</strong></span><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><span style="background-color: #fbfefe; font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;"> </span><span style="font-size: medium;">a suffix placed after a noun indicating the state of being that the noun means.</span><span style="background-color: #fbfefe; font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;"> </span><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><blockquote style="background-color: white; border: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px; margin: 2px; padding: 5px;">
<div style="padding: 0px;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><strong>Example:</strong></span><br /><br /><strong><span style="font-size: medium;">friendship, membership, horsemanship, fellowship, leadership, relationship, dictatorship</span></strong></div>
</blockquote>
<br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><hr size="1" style="color: #555555; font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" />
<span font="" style="background-color: #ffecec; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 30px;"> -sion, -tion, -ion </span><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><span style="font-size: medium;"><strong>Meaning:</strong></span><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><span style="font-size: medium;">Used to form nouns meaning "the action of (a verb)" or "the result of (a verb)"<br />forming nouns of action, condition, etc .</span><span style="background-color: #fbfefe; font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;"> </span><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><blockquote style="background-color: white; border: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px; margin: 2px; padding: 5px;">
<div style="padding: 0px;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><strong>Example:</strong></span><br /><br /><strong><span style="font-size: medium;">action, function, confession, connection, transition, initiation, relation, compilation, combination, introduction, direction, nation, portion, fashion, fiction, condition, temptation, suggestion, negotiation</span></strong></div>
</blockquote>
<br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><hr size="1" style="color: #555555; font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" />
<span font="" style="background-color: #ffecec; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 30px;"> -age </span><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><span style="font-size: medium;"><strong>Meaning:</strong></span><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><span style="font-size: medium;">: denoting an action<br />: the product of an action<br />: a function; a sphere of action<br />: denoting an aggregate or number of<br />: denoting a place or abode </span><span style="background-color: #fbfefe; font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;"></span><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><blockquote style="background-color: white; border: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px; margin: 2px; padding: 5px;">
<div style="padding: 0px;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><strong>Example:</strong></span><br /><br /><strong><span style="font-size: medium;">leverage, voyage, page, mileage, percentage, coverage, language, baggage, laggage, passage, postage, teenage, village, voltage, underage, footage</span></strong></div>
</blockquote>
<br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><hr size="1" style="color: #555555; font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" />
<span font="" style="background-color: #ffecec; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 30px;"> -ure </span><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><span style="font-size: medium;"><strong>Meaning:</strong></span><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><span style="font-size: medium;">: denoting an action, process, or result : : denoting an office or function : denoting a collective</span><span style="background-color: #fbfefe; font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;"></span><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><blockquote style="background-color: white; border: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px; margin: 2px; padding: 5px;">
<div style="padding: 0px;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><strong>Example:</strong></span><br /><br /><strong><span style="font-size: medium;">exposure, legislature, judicature, picture, creature, culture, nature, censure, structure, measure, failure, temperature, scripture, sculpture, adventure, leisure</span></strong></div>
</blockquote>
<br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><hr size="1" style="color: #555555; font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" />
<span font="" style="background-color: #ffecec; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 30px;"> -ate (noun) </span><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><span style="font-size: medium;"><strong>Meaning:</strong></span><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><span style="font-size: medium;">: one acted upon<br />: denoting a salt or ester, esp. of an acid with a corresponding name ending in -ic<br />: denoting a group </span><span style="background-color: #fbfefe; font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;"></span><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><blockquote style="background-color: white; border: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px; margin: 2px; padding: 5px;">
<div style="padding: 0px;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><strong>Example:</strong></span><br /><br /><strong><span style="font-size: medium;">distillate, nitrate, carbonate, state, advocate, mandate, senate, consulate, consulate, senate, affiliate</span></strong></div>
</blockquote>
<br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><hr size="1" style="color: #555555; font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" />
<span font="" style="background-color: #ffecec; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 30px;"> -le </span><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><span style="font-size: medium;"><strong>Meaning:</strong></span><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><span style="font-size: medium;">: forming names of appliances or instruments<br />: forming names of animals and plants<br />: forming nouns having or originally having a diminutive sense (also -<strong>el</strong>)</span><span style="background-color: #fbfefe; font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;"> </span><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><blockquote style="background-color: white; border: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px; margin: 2px; padding: 5px;">
<div style="padding: 0px;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><strong>Example:</strong></span><br /><br /><strong><span style="font-size: medium;">icicle, popsicle, tunnel, shovel, battle, castle, bottle, tickle, apple, buckle, puzzle, sole</span></strong></div>
</blockquote>
<br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><hr size="1" style="color: #555555; font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" />
<span font="" style="background-color: #ffecec; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 30px;"> -ia, -ica, -ana </span><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><span style="font-size: medium;"><strong>Meaning:</strong></span><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><span style="font-size: medium;">: forming nouns adopted unchanged from Latin or Greek (such as mania, militia), and modern Latin or Greek terms<br />: forming names of Medicine states and disorders<br />: forming names of genera and higher groups<br />: forming names of countries<br />: (<strong>-ica</strong>) a collection of things that relate to a specific place, person, theme, etc. </span><span style="background-color: #fbfefe; font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;"></span><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><blockquote style="background-color: white; border: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px; margin: 2px; padding: 5px;">
<div style="padding: 0px;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><strong>Example:</strong></span><br /><br /><strong><span style="font-size: medium;">mania, militia, utopia, erotica, hysteria, amnesia, malaria, dyslexia, dahlia, artemisia, camelia, Eurasia, Asia, Australia, America, Africa, Antartica, Africana, Victoriana, Mariana, India, Colombia, Romania</span></strong></div>
</blockquote>
<br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><hr size="1" style="color: #555555; font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" />
<span font="" style="background-color: #ffecec; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 30px;"> -ade </span><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><span style="font-size: medium;"><strong>Meaning:</strong></span><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><span style="font-size: medium;">: denoting an action that is completed<br />: denoting the body concerned in an action or process<br />: denoting the product or result of an action or process<br />: Indicating a drink made from a given fruit </span><span style="background-color: #fbfefe; font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;"></span><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><blockquote style="background-color: white; border: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px; margin: 2px; padding: 5px;">
<div style="padding: 0px;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><strong>Example:</strong></span><br /><br /><strong><span style="font-size: medium;">barricade, lemonade, limeade, marmalade, parade, promenade, arcade, brigade</span></strong></div>
</blockquote>
<br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><hr size="1" style="color: #555555; font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" />
<span font="" style="background-color: #ffecec; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 30px;"> -ant, -ent (noun) </span><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><span style="font-size: medium;"><strong>Meaning:</strong></span><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><span style="font-size: medium;">: one that performs (a specified action)<br />: personal or impersonal agent<br />: thing that promotes<br />: one connected with<br />: thing acted upon </span><span style="background-color: #fbfefe; font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;"></span><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><blockquote style="background-color: white; border: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px; margin: 2px; padding: 5px;">
<div style="padding: 0px;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><strong>Example:</strong></span><br /><br /><strong><span style="font-size: medium;">coolant, stimulant, pendant, tyrant, immigrant, inhabitant, attendant, claimant, giant, assistant, servant, resident, regent, agent, deterrent, coefficient recipient</span></strong></div>
</blockquote>
<br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><hr size="1" style="color: #555555; font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" />
<span font="" style="background-color: #ffecec; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 30px;"> -cy </span><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><span style="font-size: medium;"><strong>Meaning:</strong></span><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><span style="font-size: medium;">: denoting state or condition<br />: denoting rank or status</span><span style="background-color: #fbfefe; font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;"> </span><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><blockquote style="background-color: white; border: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px; margin: 2px; padding: 5px;">
<div style="padding: 0px;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><strong>Example:</strong></span><br /><br /><strong><span style="font-size: medium;">bankruptcy, solvency, accuracy, adequacy, obstinacy, currency, legacy, agency, diplomacy, literacy, independency, mercy, presidency, captaincy, consultancy</span></strong></div>
</blockquote>
<br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><hr size="1" style="color: #555555; font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" />
<span font="" style="background-color: #ffecec; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 30px;"> -ee </span><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><span style="font-size: medium;"><strong>Meaning:</strong></span><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><span style="font-size: medium;">: denoting the person affected directly or indirectly by the action of the formative verb<br />: denoting a person described as or concerned with<br />: denoting an object of relatively smaller size </span><span style="background-color: #fbfefe; font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;"></span><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><blockquote style="background-color: white; border: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px; margin: 2px; padding: 5px;">
<div style="padding: 0px;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><strong>Example:</strong></span><br /><br /><strong><span style="font-size: medium;">appointee, addressee, standee, employee, absentee, refugee, trainee, nominee, grantee</span></strong></div>
</blockquote>
<br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><hr size="1" style="color: #555555; font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" />
<span font="" style="background-color: #ffecec; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 30px;"> -logy </span><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><span style="font-size: medium;"><strong>Meaning:</strong></span><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><span style="font-size: medium;">: A branch of learning; a study of a particular subject.<br />: Something said, or a way of speaking, a narrative.</span><span style="background-color: #fbfefe; font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;"> </span><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><blockquote style="background-color: white; border: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px; margin: 2px; padding: 5px;">
<div style="padding: 0px;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><strong>Example:</strong></span><br /><br /><strong><span style="font-size: medium;">biology, geology, psychology, ethnology, mythology, theology, philology, eulogy, tautology, trilogy, apology</span></strong></div>
</blockquote>
<br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><hr size="1" style="color: #555555; font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" />
<span font="" style="background-color: #ffecec; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 30px;"> -ite (noun) </span><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><span style="font-size: medium;"><strong>Meaning:</strong></span><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><span style="font-size: medium;">: forming names denoting natives of a country<br />: used in scientific and technical terms<br />: product<br />: adherent </span><span style="background-color: #fbfefe; font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;"></span><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><blockquote style="background-color: white; border: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px; margin: 2px; padding: 5px;">
<div style="padding: 0px;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><strong>Example:</strong></span><br /><br /><strong><span style="font-size: medium;">Israelite, Semite, dynamite, graphite, somite, appetite, ammonite</span></strong></div>
</blockquote>
<br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><hr size="1" style="color: #555555; font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" />
<span font="" style="background-color: #ffecec; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 30px;"> -ine (noun) </span><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><span style="font-size: medium;"><strong>Meaning:</strong></span><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><span style="font-size: medium;">: chemical substance<br />: feminine nouns<br />: commercial material<br />: forming chiefly abstract nouns and diminutives </span><span style="background-color: #fbfefe; font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;"></span><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><blockquote style="background-color: white; border: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px; margin: 2px; padding: 5px;">
<div style="padding: 0px;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><strong>Example:</strong></span><br /><br /><strong><span style="font-size: medium;">cocaine, caffeine, chlorine, aniline, gasoline, vaseline, glassine, heroine, Josephine, doctrine, medicine, discipline</span></strong></div>
</blockquote>
<br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><hr size="1" style="color: #555555; font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" />
<span font="" style="background-color: #ffecec; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 30px;"> -ide, -id,-oid (noun) </span><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><span style="font-size: medium;"><strong>Meaning:</strong></span><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><span style="font-size: medium;">: Forming nouns from Latin or Greek roots, including certain plant names modelled on Latin sources<br />: binary chemical compound<br />: one belonging to a (specified) dynastic line<br />: meteor associated with or radiating from a (specified) constellation or comet</span><span style="background-color: #fbfefe; font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;"></span><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><blockquote style="background-color: white; border: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px; margin: 2px; padding: 5px;">
<div style="padding: 0px;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><strong>Example:</strong></span><br /><br /><strong><span style="font-size: medium;">pyramid, android, humanoid, steroid, hydride, chloride, cyanide, caucasoid, Mongoloid, Negroid, Australoid</span></strong></div>
</blockquote>
<br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><hr size="1" style="color: #555555; font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" />
<span font="" style="background-color: #ffecec; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 30px;"> -sis, -osis </span><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><span style="font-size: medium;"><strong>Meaning:</strong></span><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><span style="font-size: medium;">: Used to form the names of any functional disorder of various parts of the body<br />: denoting a process or condition </span><span style="background-color: #fbfefe; font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;"></span><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><blockquote style="background-color: white; border: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px; margin: 2px; padding: 5px;">
<div style="padding: 0px;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><strong>Example:</strong></span><br /><br /><strong><span style="font-size: medium;">diagnosis, hypnosis, metamorphosis, psychokinesis, telekinesis, psychosis, neurosis, leukosis, genesis, osmosis, mitosis</span></strong></div>
</blockquote>
<br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><hr size="1" style="color: #555555; font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" />
<span font="" style="background-color: #ffecec; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 30px;"> -et, -ette </span><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><span style="font-size: medium;"><strong>Meaning:</strong></span><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><span style="font-size: medium;">: denoting relatively small size<br />: denoting an imitation or substitute<br />: denoting female gender<br />: forming nouns such as comet, and often denoting people. </span><span style="background-color: #fbfefe; font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;"></span><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><blockquote style="background-color: white; border: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px; margin: 2px; padding: 5px;">
<div style="padding: 0px;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><strong>Example:</strong></span><br /><br /><strong><span style="font-size: medium;">bullet, fillet, gadget, widget, tablet, cigarette, statuette, kitchenette, diskette, jacket, duet, leatherette</span></strong></div>
</blockquote>
<br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><hr size="1" style="color: #555555; font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" />
<span font="" style="background-color: #ffecec; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 30px;"> -tude, -itude </span><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><span style="font-size: medium;"><strong>Meaning:</strong></span><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><span style="font-size: medium;">: forming abstract nouns<br />: state of </span><span style="background-color: #fbfefe; font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;"></span><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><blockquote style="background-color: white; border: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px; margin: 2px; padding: 5px;">
<div style="padding: 0px;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><strong>Example:</strong></span><br /><br /><strong><span style="font-size: medium;">attitude, solitude, gratitude, aptitude, latitude, longitude, magnitude, fortitude, servitude</span></strong></div>
</blockquote>
<br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><span style="font-size: medium;"><strong>More suffixes</strong> →<a href="http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Category:English_suffixes" style="color: royalblue; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank" title=" http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Category:English_suffixes"> http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Category:English_suffixes</a></span><span style="background-color: #fbfefe; font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;"> </span>Anonymousnoreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8137807130381503687.post-68013111112603926982012-09-27T14:32:00.002+09:002012-09-27T14:32:32.245+09:00Tag Questions<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-JcoX6teDnys/UGPkZoBmkmI/AAAAAAAABpY/ljEdGQt-gso/s1600/tag+questions1.jpeg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-JcoX6teDnys/UGPkZoBmkmI/AAAAAAAABpY/ljEdGQt-gso/s1600/tag+questions1.jpeg" /></a></div>
<div align="center" style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;">
<br /><br /><br /><strong><span style="font-size: large;">Tag questions</span></strong></div>
<br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><a name='more'></a><br /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><span font="" style="background-color: #ffecec; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 50px;"><span style="border: 2px solid;"> Tag question </span></span><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><strong style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;"><span style="font-size: large;">Definition</span></strong><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><span style="background-color: #fbfefe; font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;"> </span><span style="font-size: medium;">A<strong> question tag</strong> or <strong>tag question</strong> is a grammatical structure in which a <strong>declarative statement</strong> or an<strong>imperative</strong> is turned into a question by adding an interrogative fragment (the "tag").<br /><br /> The term "<strong>question tag</strong>" is generally preferred by British grammarians, while their American counterparts prefer "<strong>tag question</strong>".</span><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><span style="background-color: #fbfefe; font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;"> </span><span style="font-size: medium;">In most languages, tag questions are<u> more common in colloquial spoken usage than in formal written usage.</u><br /><br /> They can be an indicator of <strong>politeness</strong>, <strong>emphasis</strong>, or <strong>irony</strong>. They may suggest confidence or lack of confidence; they may be confrontational or tentative. </span><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><span style="background-color: #fbfefe; font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;"> </span><span style="font-size: medium;">English tag questions, when they have the grammatical form of a question, are atypically complex, because they vary according to four factors:<br /><br /><strong>1.the choice of auxiliary<br />2.the negation<br />3.the intonation pattern<br />4.the emphasis.</strong></span><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><span style="background-color: #fbfefe; font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;"> </span><span style="font-size: medium;">A question added to a <strong>declarative sentence</strong>, usually at the end, to engage the listener,<strong> verify that something has been understood</strong>, or <strong>confirm that an action has occurred</strong>.</span><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><hr size="1" style="color: #555555; font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" />
<strong style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;"><span style="font-size: large;">Form & Usage</span></strong><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><span style="font-size: medium;">Normally<br />A <span style="color: blue;">positive statement</span> is followed by a <span style="color: red;">negative tag</span>.<br />A <span style="color: red;">negative statement</span> is followed by a <span style="color: blue;">positive tag</span>.</span><br />
<span style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;"><br /></span>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgoh8MXx4nzm-wq5HydrazHh-AI8GPSOC_XG_LMRWmXFOLuG8gQspNs5M4GJFspVXrjaQiMfs6Krytfym4dZ1EukzdjUdQt9_vbMw7ly3G_zipvD0pQZ_vCwLmZGP8H4XrNQ4JxHtz3Bog/s1600/tag+questions2.jpeg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgoh8MXx4nzm-wq5HydrazHh-AI8GPSOC_XG_LMRWmXFOLuG8gQspNs5M4GJFspVXrjaQiMfs6Krytfym4dZ1EukzdjUdQt9_vbMw7ly3G_zipvD0pQZ_vCwLmZGP8H4XrNQ4JxHtz3Bog/s1600/tag+questions2.jpeg" /></a></div>
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<span style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;"><br /></span><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="color: red;">NOTE</span>:</span><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><span style="font-size: medium;">1.The statement and the tag are always separated by a comma.</span><span style="background-color: #fbfefe; font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;"> </span><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><span style="font-size: medium;">2. Treat any statements with negative adverbs, quantifiers with negative meaning and pronouns with negative meanings like negative statements.</span><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhrQknFgPL_S7suyY8VYCAwOc5UUlMEPOa8GClQcEe0_K9et9OBYvYAf5a6rs4Y7ZaAdH6uNj2ATGWHEjl5fc3PZmh54oH-zGHc4YVWMlxkYk1IqbUmGUzVt4yTvUwrD4xR4sWr5TgPf0A/s1600/tag+questions3.jpeg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em; text-align: center;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhrQknFgPL_S7suyY8VYCAwOc5UUlMEPOa8GClQcEe0_K9et9OBYvYAf5a6rs4Y7ZaAdH6uNj2ATGWHEjl5fc3PZmh54oH-zGHc4YVWMlxkYk1IqbUmGUzVt4yTvUwrD4xR4sWr5TgPf0A/s1600/tag+questions3.jpeg" /></a><br />
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-A9hm_Qkr_qI/UGPkdtCvKkI/AAAAAAAABpw/IeLO2-8DueU/s1600/tag+questions4.jpeg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-A9hm_Qkr_qI/UGPkdtCvKkI/AAAAAAAABpw/IeLO2-8DueU/s1600/tag+questions4.jpeg" /></a></div>
<br />
<br />
<br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br />
<blockquote style="background-color: white; border: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px; margin: 2px; padding: 5px;">
<div style="padding: 0px;">
<span font="" style="background-color: #ffffb7; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 15px;"><span style="border: 2px solid;"> Example </span></span><br /><br /><span style="font-size: medium;">・Nobody knows, <strong>do they?</strong><br />・Nothing came in the post, <strong>did it?</strong><br />・Nothing is free these days, <strong>is it?</strong><br />・None would survive the next world war, <strong>would they?</strong><br />・Few men have the proper values to live through this age, <strong>do they?</strong><br />・Little money was invested in this scheme, <strong>was it?</strong><br />・They seldom come, <strong>do they?</strong><br />・He is never available, <strong>is he?</strong></span></div>
</blockquote>
<br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><span style="font-size: medium;">3.The verb in the statement should be the <u>same tense as the verb in the tag.</u></span><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><blockquote style="background-color: white; border: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px; margin: 2px; padding: 5px;">
<div style="padding: 0px;">
<span font="" style="background-color: #ffffb7; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 15px;"><span style="border: 2px solid;"> Example </span></span><br /><br /><span style="font-size: medium;">・He's an officer, isn't he?<br />・He's an officer, wasn't he?<br />・He's been an officer, hasn't he?<br />・He'd been an officer, hadn't he?<br />・He does it better, doesn't he?<br />・He's doing it better, isn't he?<br />・He's done it better, hasn't he?<br />・He's been doing it better, hasn't he?<br />・He did it better, didn't he?<br />・He's doing it better, wasn't he?<br />・He'd done it better, hadn't he?<br />・He'd been doing it better, hadn't he?<br />・He's done it better, isn't he?<br />・He's done it better, wasn't he?<br />・He's being done it better, isn't he?<br />・He's being done it better, wasn't he?</span></div>
</blockquote>
<br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><span style="font-size: medium;">4. If a <strong>modal</strong> (can, could, will, should, etc.) is used in the statement, then the same modal is used in the tag part.</span><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><blockquote style="background-color: white; border: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px; margin: 2px; padding: 5px;">
<div style="padding: 0px;">
<span font="" style="background-color: #ffffb7; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 15px;"><span style="border: 2px solid;"> Example </span></span><br /><br /><span style="font-size: medium;">・He can read this book, can't he?<br />・He could read this book, couldn't he?<br />・He will read this book, won't he?<br />・He would read this book, wouldn't he?<br />・He shall read this book, shan't he?<br />・He should read this book, shouldn't he?<br />・He may read this book, mayn't he?<br />・He might read this book, mightn't he?<br />・He must read this book, mustn't he?</span></div>
</blockquote>
<br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><blockquote style="background-color: white; border: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px; margin: 2px; padding: 5px;">
<div style="padding: 0px;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="color: red;">Point</span>:</span><br /><span style="font-size: medium;"> The English tag question is made up of <strong>an auxiliary verb</strong> and <strong>a pronoun</strong>.<br /><br /> The auxiliary has to agree with <strong>the tense</strong>, <strong>aspect</strong> and <strong>modality of the verb in the preceding sentence</strong>.<br /><br /> If the verb is in the <strong>perfect tense</strong>, for example, the tag question uses <strong>has</strong> or <strong>have</strong>; if the verb is in a<strong>present progressive form</strong>, the tag is formed with<strong> am, are, is</strong>; if <u>the verb is in a tense which does <span style="color: red;">not</span>normally use an auxiliary</u>, like the <strong>present simple</strong>, the auxiliary is taken from the emphatic "<strong>do(does)</strong>" form; and if the sentence has a modal auxiliary, this is echoed in the tag:</span><br /><br /><br /> <span style="font-size: medium;">A special case occurs when the main verb is "<strong>to be</strong>" in a simple tense. Here the tag question repeats the main verb, <span style="color: red;">not</span> an auxiliary:</span><br /><br /><span font="" style="background-color: #ffffb7; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 15px;"><span style="border: 2px solid;"> Example </span></span><br /><br /><span style="font-size: medium;">・This is a book, <strong>isn't it?</strong></span><br /><span style="font-size: medium;">(<span style="color: red;">Not</span> <strong>doesn't it?</strong>, as the normal rules for present simple would suggest.)</span><br /><br /> <span style="font-size: medium;">If the main verb is "<strong>to have</strong>", either solution is possible:</span><br /><br /><span font="" style="background-color: #ffffb7; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 15px;"><span style="border: 2px solid;"> Example </span></span><br /><br /><span style="font-size: medium;">・He has a book, <strong>hasn't he?</strong><br />・He has a book, <strong>doesn't he?</strong></span></div>
</blockquote>
<br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><strong style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;"><span style="font-size: large;">Negation</span></strong><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><span style="background-color: #fbfefe; font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;"> </span><span style="font-size: medium;">English tag questions may contain a negation, but need not.<br /><br /> When there is <u>no special emphasis</u>, the rule of thumb often applies that a <span style="color: blue;">positive sentence</span> has a<span style="color: red;">negative tag</span> and ★vice versa:</span><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><blockquote style="background-color: white; border: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px; margin: 2px; padding: 5px;">
<div style="padding: 0px;">
<strong><span style="font-size: medium;">★vice-versa</span></strong><br /><br /><strong><span style="font-size: medium;">Meaning</span></strong><br /><br /><span style="font-size: medium;">The <strong>reverse of the previous statement</strong>, with the main items transposed. It derives from Latin, with the translation being 'the other way round' or 'the position being reversed', but is now fully absorbed into English.</span></div>
</blockquote>
<br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><blockquote style="background-color: white; border: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px; margin: 2px; padding: 5px;">
<div style="padding: 0px;">
<span font="" style="background-color: #ffffb7; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 15px;"><span style="border: 2px solid;"> Example </span></span><br /><br /><span style="font-size: medium;">・She <strong>is</strong> French, <strong>isn't</strong> she?<br />・She's <strong>not</strong> French, <strong>is</strong> she?</span></div>
</blockquote>
<br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><span style="font-size: medium;"> These are sometimes called "<strong>balanced tag questions</strong>". However, it has been estimated that in normal conversation, as many as 40%-50% of tags break this rule.<br /><br /> "<strong>Unbalanced tag questions</strong>" (<span style="color: blue;">positive</span> to <span style="color: blue;">positive</span> or <span style="color: red;">negative</span> to <span style="color: red;">negative</span>) may be used for <strong>ironic</strong> or<strong>confrontational effects</strong>:</span><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><span style="background-color: #fbfefe; font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;"> </span><span style="font-size: medium;">Although the basic structure of tag questions is <span style="color: blue;">positive</span>-<span style="color: red;">negative</span> or <span style="color: red;">negative</span>-<span style="color: blue;">positive</span>, it is sometime possible to use a <span style="color: blue;">positive-positive</span> or <span style="color: red;">negative-negative</span> structure.<br /><br /> We use unbalanced tag questions to express <strong>interest</strong>, <strong>surprise</strong>, <strong>anger</strong> etc, and <strong><span style="color: red;">not</span> to make real questions</strong>.</span><span style="background-color: #fbfefe; font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;"></span><blockquote style="background-color: white; border: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px; margin: 2px; padding: 5px;">
<div style="padding: 0px;">
<span font="" style="background-color: #ffffb7; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 15px;"><span style="border: 2px solid;"> Example </span></span><br /><br /><span style="font-size: medium;">・<strong>Do</strong> listen, <strong>will</strong> you?<br />・Oh, I<strong>'m</strong> lazy, <strong>am</strong> I?<br />・So you're having a baby, are you? That's wonderful!<br />・She wants to marry him, does she? Some chance!<br />・So you think that's amusing, do you? Think again.<br />・So you don't like my looks, don't you?<br />(<span style="color: red;">Negative-negative</span> tag questions usually sound rather <strong>hostile</strong>:)<br /><br />・Jack: I refuse to spend Sunday at your mother's house!<br /> Jill: Oh you <strong>do</strong>, <strong>do</strong> you? We'll see about that!<br /><br />・Jack: I just won't go back!<br /> Jill: Oh you <strong>won't</strong>, <strong>won't</strong> you?</span></div>
</blockquote>
<br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><strong style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;"><span style="font-size: large;">Let's and Let</span></strong><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><span style="font-size: medium;">When you use the word "<strong>let's (let us)</strong>", the question tag at the end must be "<strong>shall+we?</strong>"</span><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><blockquote style="background-color: white; border: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px; margin: 2px; padding: 5px;">
<div style="padding: 0px;">
<span font="" style="background-color: #ffffb7; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 15px;"><span style="border: 2px solid;"> Example </span></span><br /><br /><span style="font-size: medium;">・Let's visit the Archeological Museum, <strong>shall we?</strong></span></div>
</blockquote>
<br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><span style="font-size: medium;">When you use the word "<strong>let</strong>", the question tag at the end must be "<strong>will/won't+you?</strong>"</span><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><span font="" style="background-color: #ffffb7; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 15px;"><span style="border: 2px solid;"> Example </span></span><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><span style="font-size: medium;">・Come over for tea today, <strong>will you?</strong><br />・Come over for tea today, <strong>won't you?</strong></span><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><strong style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;"><span style="font-size: large;">Imperative sentences</span></strong><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><span style="background-color: #fbfefe; font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;"> </span><span style="font-size: medium;">Sometimes we use question tags with imperatives (<strong>invitations, orders</strong>), but the sentence remains an imperative and<u> does <span style="color: red;">not</span> require a direct answer. </u><br /><br /> We use "won't" for <strong>invitations</strong>.</span><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><span style="font-size: medium;">When the sentence is <strong>imperative</strong>, the question tag at the end must be "<strong>will/won't/would/can/can't/+you?</strong>"</span><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><blockquote style="background-color: white; border: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px; margin: 2px; padding: 5px;">
<div style="padding: 0px;">
<span font="" style="background-color: #ffffb7; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 15px;"><span style="border: 2px solid;"> Example </span></span><br /><br /><span style="font-size: medium;">・Come over for tea today, <strong>will</strong> you?<br />・Come over for tea today, <strong>won't</strong> you?<br />・Do try these lovely scones, <strong>will</strong> you?<br />・Do try these lovely scones, <strong>won't</strong> you?</span></div>
</blockquote>
<span style="background-color: #fbfefe; font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;"><span style="background-color: #fbfefe; font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;"><br /></span>
<span style="background-color: #fbfefe; font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;"><br /></span>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-3V--O2L0kow/UGPkeum3X_I/AAAAAAAABp4/sD6Lf4FyJWg/s1600/tag+questions5.jpeg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-3V--O2L0kow/UGPkeum3X_I/AAAAAAAABp4/sD6Lf4FyJWg/s1600/tag+questions5.jpeg" /></a></div>
<span style="background-color: #fbfefe; font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;"><br /></span>
<span style="background-color: #fbfefe; font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;"><br /></span>
</span><br /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><strong style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;"><span style="font-size: large;">Short observations</span></strong><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><span style="background-color: #fbfefe; font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;"> </span><span style="font-size: medium;">When you are making short observations about <strong>something non-living</strong>, the question tag at the end must be "<strong>isn't/aren't+it?</strong>"</span><span style="background-color: #fbfefe; font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;"> </span><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><blockquote style="background-color: white; border: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px; margin: 2px; padding: 5px;">
<div style="padding: 0px;">
<span font="" style="background-color: #ffffb7; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 15px;"><span style="border: 2px solid;"> Example </span></span><br /><br /><span style="font-size: medium;">・Nice day, <strong>isn't it?</strong> (It is a nice day,isn't it?)</span></div>
</blockquote>
<br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><span style="background-color: #fbfefe; font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;"> </span><span style="font-size: medium;">When you are making short observations about the something living, the question tag at the end must be "<strong>isn't/aren't+she/he/they?</strong>"</span><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><blockquote style="background-color: white; border: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px; margin: 2px; padding: 5px;">
<div style="padding: 0px;">
<span font="" style="background-color: #ffffb7; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 15px;"><span style="border: 2px solid;"> Example </span></span><br /><br /><span style="font-size: medium;">・Lovely girl, isn't she? (She is a lovely girl, isn't she?)</span></div>
</blockquote>
<br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><strong style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;"><span style="font-size: large;">Stating intentions</span></strong><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><span style="font-size: medium;">When you <u>wish to do something</u>, the question tag at the end must be "<strong>may+I?</strong>"</span><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><blockquote style="background-color: white; border: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px; margin: 2px; padding: 5px;">
<div style="padding: 0px;">
<span font="" style="background-color: #ffffb7; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 15px;"><span style="border: 2px solid;"> Example </span></span><br /><br /><span style="font-size: medium;">・I wish to leave now, <strong>may I?</strong></span></div>
</blockquote>
<br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><hr size="1" style="color: #555555; font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" />
<strong style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;"><span style="font-size: large;">Intonation</span></strong><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><span style="background-color: #fbfefe; font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;"> </span><span style="font-size: medium;">English tag questions can have a <strong>rising</strong>➚➚➚ or a <strong>falling</strong>➘➘➘ intonation pattern.<br /><br /> As a rule, the <strong>English rising pattern➚➚➚</strong> is used when <strong>soliciting information</strong> or <strong>motivating an action</strong>, that is, <u>when some sort of response is <strong>required</strong></u>.<br /><br /> Since normal <strong>English yes/no questions</strong> have rising patterns (e.g. <strong>Are you coming?➚➚➚</strong>), these tags make a grammatical statement into a <strong>real question</strong>:</span><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><blockquote style="background-color: white; border: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px; margin: 2px; padding: 5px;">
<div style="padding: 0px;">
<span font="" style="background-color: #ffffb7; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 15px;"><span style="border: 2px solid;"> Example </span></span><br /><br /><span style="font-size: medium;">・You're coming, <strong>aren't you?➚➚➚</strong><br />・Do listen, <strong>will you?➚➚➚</strong><br />・Let's have a beer, <strong>shall we?➚➚➚</strong></span></div>
</blockquote>
<br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><span style="font-size: medium;"> The <strong>falling pattern➘➘➘</strong> is used to <strong>underline a statement</strong>.<br /><br /> <u>The statement itself ends with a falling pattern➘➘➘</u>, and the tag sounds like <u>an echo, strengthening the pattern</u>.<br /><br /> Most English tag questions have this falling pattern.</span><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><blockquote style="background-color: white; border: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px; margin: 2px; padding: 5px;">
<div style="padding: 0px;">
<span font="" style="background-color: #ffffb7; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 15px;"><span style="border: 2px solid;"> Example </span></span><br /><br /><span style="font-size: medium;">・He doesn't know what he's doing➘➘➘, does he?➘➘➘<br />・This is really boring➘➘➘, isn't it?➘➘➘<br />・It's a beautiful view➘➘➘, isn't it?➘➘➘</span></div>
</blockquote>
<br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><span style="font-size: medium;">Sometimes the rising tag goes with the <span style="color: blue;">positive</span> to <span style="color: blue;">positive</span> pattern to create a <strong>confrontational effect</strong>:</span><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><blockquote style="background-color: white; border: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px; margin: 2px; padding: 5px;">
<div style="padding: 0px;">
<span font="" style="background-color: #ffffb7; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 15px;"><span style="border: 2px solid;"> Example </span></span><br /><br /><span style="font-size: medium;">・He was the best in the class,<strong> was he?➚➚➚</strong><br />(<strong>rising➚➚➚</strong>: the speaker is challenging this thesis, or perhaps expressing surprised interest)<br /><br />・He was the best in the class,<strong> wasn't he?➘➘➘</strong><br />(<strong>falling➘➘➘</strong>: the speaker holds this opinion)<br /><br /><br />・Be careful, <strong>will you?➚➚➚</strong><br />(<strong>rising➚➚➚</strong>: expresses irritation)<br /><br />・Take care,<strong> won't you?➘➘➘</strong><br />(<strong>falling➘➘➘</strong>: expresses concern)</span></div>
</blockquote>
<br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><span style="font-size: medium;">Sometimes the same words may have different patterns <u>depending on the situation or implication</u>.</span><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><blockquote style="background-color: white; border: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px; margin: 2px; padding: 5px;">
<div style="padding: 0px;">
<span font="" style="background-color: #ffffb7; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 15px;"><span style="border: 2px solid;"> Example </span></span><br /><br /><span style="font-size: medium;">・You don't remember my name, <strong>do you?➚➚➚</strong><br />(rising: expresses <u>surprise</u>)<br /><br />・You don't remember my name, <strong>do you?➘➘➘</strong><br />(falling: expresses <u>amusement or resignation</u>)<br /><br /><br />・Your name's Mary,<strong> isn't it?➚➚➚</strong><br />(rising: expresses <u>uncertainty</u>)<br /><br />・Your name's Mary, <strong>isn't it?➘➘➘ </strong><br />(falling: expresses <u>confidence</u>)</span></div>
</blockquote>
<br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><span style="font-size: medium;">On the other hand, the adverbial tag questions (<strong>alright? OK?</strong> etc.) are almost always found with <strong>rising patterns➚➚➚</strong>.<br /><br />An occasional exception is surely.</span><span style="background-color: #fbfefe; font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;"> </span><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><strong style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;"><span style="font-size: large;">Emphasis</span></strong><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><span style="background-color: #fbfefe; font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;"> </span><span style="font-size: medium;">English tag questions are normally<strong> stressed on the verb</strong>, but the stress is <strong>on the pronoun if there is a change of person</strong>.</span><span style="background-color: #fbfefe; font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;"> </span><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><blockquote style="background-color: white; border: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px; margin: 2px; padding: 5px;">
<div style="padding: 0px;">
<span font="" style="background-color: #ffffb7; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 15px;"><span style="border: 2px solid;"> Example </span></span><br /><br /><span style="font-size: medium;">・I don't like peas, do <strong>you</strong>?<br />・I like peas, don't <strong>you</strong>?</span></div>
</blockquote>
<br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><span style="font-size: medium;">This is often a rising tag➚➚➚ (<u>especially when the tag contains no negation</u>), or the intonation pattern may be the typically <strong>English fall➘➘-rise➚➚</strong>.</span><span style="background-color: #fbfefe; font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;"> </span><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><hr size="1" style="color: #555555; font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" />
<strong style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;"><span style="font-size: large;">Variant forms</span></strong><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><span style="background-color: #fbfefe; font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;"> </span><span style="font-size: medium;">There are a number of variant forms that exist in particular dialects of English. These are generally<strong>invariant, regardless of verb, person</strong> or <strong>negativity</strong>.</span><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><span style="font-size: medium;">The tag <strong>right?</strong> is common in a number of dialects across the UK and US.<br /><br />The tag <strong>eh?</strong> is of Scottish origin, and can be heard across much of Scotland, New Zealand, Canada and the North-Eastern United States. In Central Scotland (in and around Stirling and Falkirk), this exists in the form <strong>eh no?</strong> which is again invariant.</span><span style="background-color: #fbfefe; font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;"> </span><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><span style="background-color: #fbfefe; font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;">The tag "</span><strong style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;">OK?</strong><span style="background-color: #fbfefe; font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;">" is used as a tag ending, the meaning is special.</span><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><span style="background-color: #fbfefe; font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;">It normally means something like '</span><strong style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;">I know you don't believe it, but (statement</strong><span style="background-color: #fbfefe; font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;">)':</span><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><blockquote style="background-color: white; border: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px; margin: 2px; padding: 5px;">
<div style="padding: 0px;">
<span font="" style="background-color: #ffffb7; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 15px;"><span style="border: 2px solid;"> Example </span></span><br /><br /><span style="font-size: medium;">・He's a nice person, <strong>OK?</strong><br />(I know you don't believe it, but I think he's a nice person.)<br /><br />・She doesn't like me, <strong>OK?</strong><br />(I know you don't believe it, but she doesn't like me.)<br /><br />・We remembered everything, <strong>OK?</strong><br />(I know you don't believe it, but we remembered everything.)<br /><br />・He did a good job when he fixed my car, <strong>OK?</strong><br />(I know you don't believe it, but he did a good job when he fixed my car.)</span></div>
</blockquote>
<br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><span style="font-size: medium;">The tag <strong>Huh?</strong> is another unusual tag ending. It's used in three different ways:</span><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><span style="font-size: medium;">1.With normal intonation, "huh?" is used like "<strong>right</strong>?" or "<strong>correct</strong>?":</span><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><blockquote style="background-color: white; border: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px; margin: 2px; padding: 5px;">
<div style="padding: 0px;">
<span font="" style="background-color: #ffffb7; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 15px;"><span style="border: 2px solid;"> Example </span></span><br /><br /><span style="font-size: medium;">・He isn't here, <strong>huh?</strong><br />(He isn't here, right / correct?)<br /><br />・You come here often, <strong>huh?</strong><br />(You come here often, right / correct?)</span></div>
</blockquote>
<br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><span style="font-size: medium;">2."<strong>Huh?</strong>" is also frequently used in a sarcastic or challenging way.</span><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><span style="background-color: #fbfefe; font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;"> </span><span style="font-size: medium;">With this usage, the "<strong>challenged</strong> "information has very high pitch and both the"<strong>challenged</strong>" information and <u>"<strong>huh?</strong>" are stressed</u>:</span><span style="background-color: #fbfefe; font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;"> </span><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><blockquote style="background-color: white; border: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px; margin: 2px; padding: 5px;">
<div style="padding: 0px;">
<span font="" style="background-color: #ffffb7; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 15px;"><span style="border: 2px solid;"> Example </span></span><br /><br /><span style="font-size: medium;">・He isn't hére, <strong>húh?</strong><br />(You / someone said that he isn't here, but I don't believe it.)<br /><br />・He's a níce guy, <strong>húh?</strong><br />(You / someone said that he's a nice guy, but I don't believe it.)<br /><br />・You understánd me,<strong> húh?</strong><br />(You said that you understand me, but I don't believe you.)</span></div>
</blockquote>
<br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><span style="font-size: medium;">3."Huh?" is also used alone (and not as a tag ending).<br />When used alone, "Huh?" is used in two ways:</span><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><span style="font-size: medium;">a.With rising intonation➚➚➚, it shows surprise or shock:</span><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><blockquote style="background-color: white; border: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px; margin: 2px; padding: 5px;">
<div style="padding: 0px;">
<span font="" style="background-color: #ffffb7; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 15px;"><span style="border: 2px solid;"> Example </span></span><br /><br /><span style="font-size: medium;">A: Bob failed the test.<br />B: Huh? (Really? / That seems impossible!)<br /><br />With rising intonation, "Huh?" can also mean 'I didn't hear you' or 'I didn't understand you: A: Ja nje znaju njich.<br />B: Huh? (What was that? / What did you say? / I didn't understand that.)</span></div>
</blockquote>
<br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><span style="font-size: medium;">b.With falling intonation, it shows <strong>mild interest</strong>:</span><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><blockquote style="background-color: white; border: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px; margin: 2px; padding: 5px;">
<div style="padding: 0px;">
<span font="" style="background-color: #ffffb7; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 15px;"><span style="border: 2px solid;"> Example </span></span><br /><br /><span style="font-size: medium;">A: Bob failed the test.<br />B: Huh. (That's interesting. / I didn't know that.)</span></div>
</blockquote>
<br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><blockquote style="background-color: white; border: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px; margin: 2px; padding: 5px;">
<div style="padding: 0px;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="color: red;">NOTE</span>:</span><br /> <span style="font-size: medium;">When "<strong>OK?</strong>" and "<strong>huh?</strong>" are used like tag endings, they have rising intonation➚➚➚.<br /><br /> When "<strong>Huh</strong>" is used alone, it can have either<strong> rising➚➚ or falling➘➘➘ intonation.</strong><br /> The different intonations in this use of "<strong>Huh?</strong>" show different meanings or reactions.</span></div>
</blockquote>
<br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" />Anonymousnoreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8137807130381503687.post-61904559889627437872012-09-27T14:27:00.003+09:002012-09-27T14:27:49.370+09:00Questions <br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-Bh_YVy96WjA/UGPhx_EswwI/AAAAAAAABnQ/QgA6zAnCIe4/s1600/questions1.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="490" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-Bh_YVy96WjA/UGPhx_EswwI/AAAAAAAABnQ/QgA6zAnCIe4/s640/questions1.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
<div align="center" style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;">
<br /><strong><span style="font-size: large;">Interrogatives & Questions</span></strong></div>
<br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><a name='more'></a><br /><br /><br /><span font="" style="background-color: #ffecec; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 50px;"><span style="border: 2px solid;"> Question </span></span><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><span style="background-color: #fbfefe; font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;"> </span><span style="font-size: medium;">A <strong>question</strong> may be either a linguistic expression used to make a <u>request for information</u>, or <u>else the request itself made by such an expression</u>.<br /><br /> This information is provided with an <strong>answer</strong>.</span><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><span style="font-size: medium;"> Questions are normally put forward or asked using interrogative sentences.<br /><br /> However they can also be put by<strong> imperative sentences</strong>,<u> which normally express commands</u>:<br /><br />"<strong>Tell me what two plus two is</strong>";<br /><br />conversely, some expressions, such as<br /><br />"<strong>Would you pass the salt?</strong>"<br /><br />, have the grammatical form of questions but<u> actually function as requests for action, <span style="color: red;">not</span> for answers,</u>making them allofunctional.<br />(A phrase such as this could, theoretically, also be viewed not merely as a request but as an observation of the other person's desire to comply with the request given.)</span><span style="background-color: #fbfefe; font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;"> </span><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><span font="" style="background-color: #fffdd7; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 40px;"><span style="border: 2px solid;"> Yes/No Questions </span></span><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><span style="background-color: #fbfefe; font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;"> </span><span style="font-size: medium;"><strong>Yes/no questions</strong> are asked using <strong>be</strong>, <strong>have</strong>, <strong>do</strong>, or a <strong>modal verb</strong>.<br /><br /> Yes/no questions always begin with one of these verbs and can be answered with a simple <strong>yes</strong> or<strong>no</strong>, or with the question repeated as a statement.</span><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><span font="" style="background-color: #c8ffc8; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 30px;"><span style="border: 2px solid;"> BE </span></span><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><span style="font-size: medium;">Use the verb be to ask about identity, description, location, and present or past activities and situations.</span><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><span style="background-color: #fbfefe; font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;"> </span><span style="font-size: medium;">Yes/no questions with the verb <strong>be</strong> are created by moving the verb be to the beginning of the sentence. In other words<u> the subject and the verb change their positions in statements and questions.</u></span><span style="background-color: #fbfefe; font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;"> </span><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><strong style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Identity / Description</span></strong><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><span style="font-size: medium;">You can use be plus a noun or adjective to ask about the <strong>identity or description of a person</strong>, <strong>place</strong>, or<strong>thing</strong>.</span><br />
<span style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;"><br /></span>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-2MVhAb5ymQA/UGPh91mRqdI/AAAAAAAABoQ/HyG4q_YIJMU/s1600/questions2.jpeg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-2MVhAb5ymQA/UGPh91mRqdI/AAAAAAAABoQ/HyG4q_YIJMU/s1600/questions2.jpeg" /></a></div>
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<strong style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Location</span></strong><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><span style="font-size: medium;">"<strong>Be</strong>" plus a <strong>prepositional phrase</strong> asks about present or past location.</span><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-KmydI03iQGE/UGPh_uYTDhI/AAAAAAAABoY/nSetXhAXph8/s1600/questions3.jpeg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em; text-align: center;"><img border="0" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-KmydI03iQGE/UGPh_uYTDhI/AAAAAAAABoY/nSetXhAXph8/s1600/questions3.jpeg" /></a><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><strong style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Current or Past activity / situation</span></strong><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><span style="font-size: medium;">To ask about a current or past or activity or situation, use the present or the past progressive: present or past tense of "be" + present participle (verb+ing).</span><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-5Z1jOF84I1w/UGPiBJXSc-I/AAAAAAAABog/VgOOa4iyUdg/s1600/questions4.jpeg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em; text-align: center;"><img border="0" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-5Z1jOF84I1w/UGPiBJXSc-I/AAAAAAAABog/VgOOa4iyUdg/s1600/questions4.jpeg" /></a><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><strong style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Past event</span></strong><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><span style="font-size: medium;">To ask about something that happened to someone or something, use the passive voice: past tense of "be" + past participle (verb + ed or en):</span><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-WHbnThxGpuw/UGPiDcSc9UI/AAAAAAAABoo/1b9fuM-YARI/s1600/questions5.jpeg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em; text-align: center;"><img border="0" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-WHbnThxGpuw/UGPiDcSc9UI/AAAAAAAABoo/1b9fuM-YARI/s1600/questions5.jpeg" /></a><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><span font="" style="background-color: #c8ffc8; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 30px;"><span style="border: 2px solid;"> HAVE </span></span><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><span style="font-size: medium;">Use the verb "<strong>have</strong>" to ask if some action has taken place or whether somebody has done something.</span><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><span style="font-size: medium;">Notice that the auxiliary verb "<strong>have</strong>" is in the present tense* and the main verb is always a past participle.</span><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><span style="font-size: medium;">*It is possible to ask a yes/no question with "<strong>had</strong>", but this is done <strong>in very specific situations</strong>. </span><br />
<span style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;"><br /></span>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-GJAGAmnAJQ8/UGPiExCQ9oI/AAAAAAAABow/cSsUAus3aeg/s1600/questions6.jpeg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-GJAGAmnAJQ8/UGPiExCQ9oI/AAAAAAAABow/cSsUAus3aeg/s1600/questions6.jpeg" /></a></div>
<br />
<span style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;"><br /></span><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><span font="" style="background-color: #c8ffc8; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 30px;"><span style="border: 2px solid;"> DO </span></span><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><span style="font-size: medium;">Use the verb "<strong>do</strong>" to obtain facts about people, places, or things. "<strong>Do</strong>" is always followed by the subject and then a verb in the bare infinitive.</span><span style="background-color: #fbfefe; font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;"> </span><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-Pciw-9YN__U/UGPiG2VGMpI/AAAAAAAABo4/UK8t_JFQRIg/s1600/questions7.jpeg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em; text-align: center;"><img border="0" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-Pciw-9YN__U/UGPiG2VGMpI/AAAAAAAABo4/UK8t_JFQRIg/s1600/questions7.jpeg" /></a><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><span font="" style="background-color: #c8ffc8; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 30px;"><span style="border: 2px solid;"> Modal auxiliary </span></span><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><span style="font-size: medium;">Use modal verbs to obtain more information about possibilities or uncertainties.<br /><br />Modals are always followed by verbs in the bare infinitive.</span><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-j_DGKEYNGkg/UGPiIHk0NaI/AAAAAAAABpA/ZVXL4RmRbbQ/s1600/questions8.jpeg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em; text-align: center;"><img border="0" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-j_DGKEYNGkg/UGPiIHk0NaI/AAAAAAAABpA/ZVXL4RmRbbQ/s1600/questions8.jpeg" /></a><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br />
<hr size="1" style="color: #555555; font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" />
<span font="" style="background-color: #fffdd7; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 40px;"><span style="border: 2px solid;"> Wh-Questions </span></span><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><span style="background-color: #fbfefe; font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;"> </span><span style="font-size: medium;">Wh-questions are formed with an<strong> interrogative word</strong> <strong>(who, whom, whose, what, which, when, where, why, how</strong>).</span><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><span font="" style="background-color: #ffecec; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 30px;"><span style="border: 2px solid;"> Interrogative word </span></span><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><span style="background-color: #fbfefe; font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;"> </span><span style="font-size: medium;">An interrogative word is a function word used for the item interrupted in an information statement.<br /><br /> Interrogative words are sometimes called <strong>wh-words</strong> because most of English interrogative words start with <strong>wh</strong>-.<br /><br /> In English, they are used in questions (<strong>Where</strong> is he going?) and interrogative content clauses (I wonder <strong>where</strong> he is going); their forms are also used as<strong> relative pronouns</strong> in certain<strong> relative clauses</strong>(The country <strong>where</strong> he was born) and certain <strong>adverb clauses</strong> (I go <strong>where</strong> he goes). </span><br />
<br />
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-kqQd_HMFYPI/UGPiKp1pGlI/AAAAAAAABpI/KV3NUnt5hhU/s1600/questions9.jpeg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-kqQd_HMFYPI/UGPiKp1pGlI/AAAAAAAABpI/KV3NUnt5hhU/s1600/questions9.jpeg" /></a></div>
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-IHLETLKcCMk/UGPjEFPRNeI/AAAAAAAABpQ/Aosb8Vv64Qo/s1600/question17.jpeg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-IHLETLKcCMk/UGPjEFPRNeI/AAAAAAAABpQ/Aosb8Vv64Qo/s1600/question17.jpeg" /></a></div>
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><span font="" style="background-color: #fffdd7; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 30px;"><span style="border: 2px solid;"> Use </span></span><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><span style="font-size: medium;">The “grammar” used with <strong>wh- questions</strong> depends on <u>whether the topic being asked about is the “<strong>subject</strong>” or “<strong>predicate</strong>” of a sentence.</u><br /><br /> For the subject pattern, simply<u> <strong>replace</strong> the person or thing being asked about with the appropriate wh-word.</u></span><br />
<span style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;"><u><br /></u></span>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-wp2tj329hl4/UGPh0XkifRI/AAAAAAAABng/OG4fjkx8DzQ/s1600/questions11.jpeg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-wp2tj329hl4/UGPh0XkifRI/AAAAAAAABng/OG4fjkx8DzQ/s1600/questions11.jpeg" /></a></div>
<span style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;"><u><br /></u></span>
<span style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;"><u><br /></u></span>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<br />
<span style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;"><u><br /></u></span><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><span style="font-size: medium;">To make a question using the predicate pattern, first form a<strong> yes/no question</strong> by inverting the subject and (first) auxiliary verb.<br /><br /> Then, add the appropriate wh- word to the beginning of the sentence.</span><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-E9GYx-kEp7E/UGPh2htHgvI/AAAAAAAABno/PeMgZNU7g38/s1600/questions12.jpeg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em; text-align: center;"><img border="0" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-E9GYx-kEp7E/UGPh2htHgvI/AAAAAAAABno/PeMgZNU7g38/s1600/questions12.jpeg" /></a><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><span style="font-size: medium;">If there is<strong> no auxiliary</strong> and the verb is “<strong>be</strong>,” <u>invert the subject and verb</u>, then add the appropriate<u> wh- word to the beginning of the sentence</u>.</span><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><img alt="form5" border="0" height="430" src="http://blog-imgs-34-origin.fc2.com/a/k/a/akarusan/Untitled-34.jpg" style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" width="580" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><span style="font-size: medium;">If there is<strong> no auxiliary</strong> and the verb is <span style="color: red;">not</span> “<strong>be</strong>,” add "<strong>do</strong>" to the beginning of the sentence. Then <u>add the appropriate wh-question word</u>. Be sure to “<u><strong>transfer</strong>” the tense and number from the main verb to the word "<strong>do</strong>".</u></span><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-u4gotM8innU/UGPh48ONzHI/AAAAAAAABn4/CRPYe5B-X6E/s1600/questions14.jpeg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em; text-align: center;"><img border="0" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-u4gotM8innU/UGPh48ONzHI/AAAAAAAABn4/CRPYe5B-X6E/s1600/questions14.jpeg" /></a><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><span font="" style="background-color: #ffecec; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 30px;"><span style="border: 2px solid;"> Negative question </span></span><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><span style="font-size: medium;"> "<strong>Negative questions</strong>," are interrogative sentences which contain negation in their phrasing, such as "<strong>Shouldn't you be working?</strong>".<br /><br /> These can have different ways of expressing affirmation and denial from the standard form of question, and they can be confusing, since it is sometimes unclear whether the answer should be the opposite of the answer to the<strong> non-negated question</strong>.<br /><br /> For example, if one does not have a passport, both "<strong>Do you have a passport?</strong>" "<strong>Don't you have a passport?</strong>" are properly answered with "<strong>No</strong>", despite apparently asking opposite questions.<br /><br />The Japanese language avoids this ambiguity. Answering "No" to the second of these in Japanese would mean, "I do have a passport".<br /><br /></span><span style="background-color: #fbfefe; font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;"></span><span style="font-size: medium;">Negative questions are of two kinds: <strong>contracted</strong> and <strong>uncontracted</strong>.<br /><br />They have different word order.</span><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><span font="" style="background-color: #c8ffc8; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 20px;"><span style="border: 2px solid;"> Contracted negative question </span></span><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-mrZFmkibvFA/UGPh6C-ABzI/AAAAAAAABoA/Cbic4YrHWFI/s1600/questions15.jpeg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em; text-align: center;"><img border="0" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-mrZFmkibvFA/UGPh6C-ABzI/AAAAAAAABoA/Cbic4YrHWFI/s1600/questions15.jpeg" /></a><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><span font="" style="background-color: #c8ffc8; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 20px;"><span style="border: 2px solid;"> Uncontracted negative questions </span></span><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><span style="font-size: medium;"><strong>Uncontracted negative questions</strong> are<strong><span style="color: blue;"> more formal</span></strong> than<strong> contracted negative questions</strong>.</span><span style="background-color: #fbfefe; font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;"> </span><br />
<strong style="font-size: large;"><br /></strong>
<strong style="font-size: large;"><br /></strong>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-HBnj5qFwSwI/UGPh8qNEtTI/AAAAAAAABoI/t8iFDR5ASxQ/s1600/questions16.jpeg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-HBnj5qFwSwI/UGPh8qNEtTI/AAAAAAAABoI/t8iFDR5ASxQ/s1600/questions16.jpeg" /></a></div>
<strong style="font-size: large;"><br /></strong>
<strong style="font-size: large;"><br /></strong>
<strong style="font-size: large;"><br /></strong>
<strong style="font-size: large;">Contracted negative questions</strong><span style="font-size: medium;"> beginning with </span><strong style="font-size: large;">Won’t you …? Wouldn’t you…? </strong><span style="font-size: medium;">or </span><strong style="font-size: large;">Why don’t you …?</strong><span style="font-size: medium;"> are very common in</span><strong style="font-size: large;"> polite requests</strong><span style="font-size: medium;">, </span><strong style="font-size: large;">invitations</strong><span style="font-size: medium;">, </span><strong style="font-size: large;">offers</strong><span style="font-size: medium;">, </span><strong style="font-size: large;">complaints</strong><span style="font-size: medium;"> and </span><strong style="font-size: large;">criticisms</strong><span style="font-size: medium;">.</span><br /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br />
<blockquote style="background-color: white; border: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px; margin: 2px; padding: 5px;">
<div style="padding: 0px;">
<span font="" style="background-color: #ffffb7; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 15px;"><span style="border: 2px solid;"> Example </span></span><br /><br /><span style="font-size: medium;">・<strong>Wouldn’t you like</strong> a cup of coffee?<br />・<strong>Why don’t you</strong> come and stay with us?</span></div>
</blockquote>
<br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><span font="" style="background-color: #c8ffc8; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 20px;"><span style="border: 2px solid;"> Answer to negative question </span></span><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><span style="font-size: medium;">In a reply to a negative question,<br /><br />"<strong>yes</strong>" suggests a <strong>positive answer</strong>,<br /><br />and "<strong>no</strong>" suggests a<strong> negative answer.</strong></span><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><blockquote style="background-color: white; border: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px; margin: 2px; padding: 5px;">
<div style="padding: 0px;">
<span font="" style="background-color: #ffffb7; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 15px;"><span style="border: 2px solid;"> Example </span></span><br /><br /><span style="font-size: medium;">・‘Haven’t you written to her?’ ‘Yes.’ (= <strong>I have written to her</strong>.)<br /><br />・‘Haven’t you told her about us?’ ‘No.’ (= <strong>I haven’t told her about you</strong>.)</span></div>
</blockquote>
<br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" />Anonymousnoreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8137807130381503687.post-35223528981373420702012-09-27T14:13:00.004+09:002012-09-27T14:13:38.961+09:00Negation (Negative Sentences)<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-YKPeWZUtMC4/UGPfzM5bGOI/AAAAAAAABmQ/73hoSOPznMY/s1600/negation1.jpeg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-YKPeWZUtMC4/UGPfzM5bGOI/AAAAAAAABmQ/73hoSOPznMY/s1600/negation1.jpeg" /></a></div>
<div align="center" style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;">
<br /><br /><br /><br /><strong><span style="font-size: large;">Negation</span></strong></div>
<br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><a name='more'></a><br /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><span font="" style="background-color: #ffecec; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 50px;"><span style="border: 2px solid;"> Negation </span></span><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><span style="background-color: #fbfefe; font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;"> </span><span style="font-size: medium;">In grammar, <strong>negation</strong> is the process that<u> turns an <strong>affirmative statement</strong> into its opposite denial </u>.</span><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><blockquote style="background-color: white; border: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px; margin: 2px; padding: 5px;">
<div style="padding: 0px;">
<span style="font-size: medium;">・I am Japanese.<br /> ↓↓↓<br />・I am <span style="color: red;">not</span> Japanese.</span></div>
</blockquote>
<br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><span style="background-color: #fbfefe; font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;"> </span><span style="font-size: medium;"> The linguist Tottie refers to<strong> two types</strong> of negation,</span><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><span style="font-size: medium;">・Synthetic ('<strong>no</strong>', '<strong>neither</strong>' or '<strong>nor</strong>' negation)<br />・Analytic ('<strong>not</strong>' negation).</span><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><blockquote style="background-color: white; border: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px; margin: 2px; padding: 5px;">
<div style="padding: 0px;">
<span style="font-size: medium;">・"He is <strong>neither</strong> here <strong>nor</strong> there" (synthetic)<br />・"He is <strong>not</strong> here" (analytic).</span></div>
</blockquote>
<br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><span style="background-color: #fbfefe; font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;"> </span><span style="font-size: medium;"> <strong>Nouns</strong> as well as verbs can be grammatically negated, by the use of:<br /><br />a<strong> negative adjective</strong> (There is <span style="color: red;">no</span> chicken)</span><br />
<span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-NA0LI5dnpKU/UGPf0Ao2DPI/AAAAAAAABmY/TK4-QoIrQBg/s1600/negation2.jpeg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-NA0LI5dnpKU/UGPf0Ao2DPI/AAAAAAAABmY/TK4-QoIrQBg/s1600/negation2.jpeg" /></a></div>
<br />
<span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span><br />
<blockquote style="background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); margin: 2px; padding: 5px;">
<div style="padding: 0px;">
<span font="" style="background-color: #ffffb7; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 15px;"><span style="border: 2px solid;"> Example </span></span><br />・No way!<br />・I have <strong>no</strong> idea.<br />・She had <strong>no</strong> money.<br />・He caught <strong>fewer</strong> fish than the rest of us.<br />・I have <strong>little</strong> money.<br />・I have <strong>few</strong> dollars.<br />・I have <strong>less</strong> money than you.<br />・a <strong>little</strong> group of people</div>
</blockquote>
<br /><br /><br />a <strong>negative pronoun </strong>(<span style="color: red;">Nobody</span> is the chicken)<br /><br /><a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-mklxVyeczjg/UGPf1Twp6TI/AAAAAAAABmg/85Nql9pgzZ4/s1600/negation3.jpeg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em; text-align: center;"><img border="0" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-mklxVyeczjg/UGPf1Twp6TI/AAAAAAAABmg/85Nql9pgzZ4/s1600/negation3.jpeg" /></a><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /><br /><br /><blockquote style="background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); margin: 2px; padding: 5px;">
<div style="padding: 0px;">
<span font="" style="background-color: #ffffb7; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 15px;"><span style="border: 2px solid;"> Example </span></span><br />・That is <strong>none</strong> of your business.<br />・<strong>None</strong> of these men is my father.<br />・I got <strong>nothing</strong> to lose.<br />・You have <strong>nothing</strong> to worry about.<br />・We called, but <strong>no one</strong> answered.<br />・<strong>No one</strong> has ever done this before.<br />・<strong>Nobody</strong> could answer my question.<br />・<strong>Nobody</strong> knew how.<br />・He didn't go there. <strong>Neither</strong> do I.<br />・There are two flashlights, <strong>neither</strong> of which works.<br />・<strong>Neither</strong> of them dances well.</div>
</blockquote>
<br /><br /><br />a<strong> negative adverb</strong> (I <span style="color: red;">never</span> was the chicken).</span><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-9DD4hNbeGzA/UGPf3ucisJI/AAAAAAAABmo/YI8r7E2wp1A/s1600/negation4.jpeg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em; text-align: center;"><img border="0" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-9DD4hNbeGzA/UGPf3ucisJI/AAAAAAAABmo/YI8r7E2wp1A/s1600/negation4.jpeg" /></a><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><blockquote style="background-color: white; border: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px; margin: 2px; padding: 5px;">
<div style="padding: 0px;">
<span font="" style="background-color: #ffffb7; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 15px;"><span style="border: 2px solid;"> Example </span></span><br /><span style="font-size: medium;">・I do <strong>not</strong> love her.<br />・He could <strong>not</strong> pass the exam.<br />・I <strong>never</strong> met her.<br />・I have <strong>never</strong> seen that happen before.<br />・You <strong>never</strong> know the guy I have met now.<br />・The changes in service have <strong>hardly</strong> been noticed.<br />・<strong>Hardly</strong> anyone showed up for the meeting.<br />・This is <strong>hardly</strong> a new idea for a movie.<br />・He could <strong>scarcely</strong> control his joy.<br />・<strong>Scarcely</strong> a day goes by when they don't see or talk to each other.<br />・He had <strong>scarcely</strong> enough money.<br />・She <strong>rarely</strong> talks about her past.<br />・<strong>Rarely</strong> do we see this kind of weather in our area.<br />・We <strong>seldom</strong> go to the movies.<br />・They <strong>seldom</strong> come here now.<br />・He <strong>seldom</strong> won the annual pie eating contest.<br />・The plane is so far away now I can <strong>barely</strong> see it.<br />・Yes, it is <strong>barely</strong> visible.<br />・There is <strong>barely</strong> a difference between the two.<br />・I have <strong>nowhere</strong> to go.<br />・<strong>Nowhere</strong> is there more of a population problem than in this city.<br />・I can speak <strong>little</strong>.<br />・His art is <strong>little</strong> known in this country.</span></div>
</blockquote>
<br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><span style="background-color: #fbfefe; font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;"> </span><span style="font-size: medium;">A <strong>negative sentence</strong> (or statement) states that something is <strong>not true</strong> or <strong>incorrect</strong>.<br /><br /> A <strong>negative adverb</strong> has to be added in order to <strong>negate</strong> or “<strong>cancel</strong>” the validity of the sentence. This “negation” element is created according to the following general rule.</span><span style="background-color: #fbfefe; font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;"> </span><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><span style="background-color: #fbfefe; font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;"> </span><span style="font-size: medium;">The Negation Rule: In English, in order to claim that something is not true, you form a negative sentence<u> by adding the word "<strong>not</strong>" after the<strong> first auxiliary verb</strong> in the positive sentence.</u></span><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><span style="font-size: medium;"> If there is no auxiliary verb in the positive sentence, as in the Present Simple and Past Simple tenses, then you add one (in both these cases, the auxiliary verb "<strong>do</strong>").</span><br />
<span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-glNZfz8bFFU/UGPf5R_OF_I/AAAAAAAABmw/DwW_1mBmHVQ/s1600/negation5.jpeg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-glNZfz8bFFU/UGPf5R_OF_I/AAAAAAAABmw/DwW_1mBmHVQ/s1600/negation5.jpeg" /></a></div>
<span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br />
<blockquote style="background-color: white; border: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px; margin: 2px; padding: 5px;">
<div style="padding: 0px;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="color: red;">NOTE</span>:</span><br /><span style="font-size: medium;">・ When an auxiliary verb (including modals) is used, the main verb is <strong><span style="color: red;">not</span> inflected</strong> (no "<strong>s</strong>" or "<strong>ed</strong>" ending), meaning that either the base form or past participle is used.</span><br /></div>
</blockquote>
<br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><blockquote style="background-color: white; border: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px; margin: 2px; padding: 5px;">
<div style="padding: 0px;">
<span font="" style="background-color: #ffffb7; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 15px;"><span style="border: 2px solid;"> Example </span></span><br /><br /><strong><span style="font-size: large;">Be</span></strong><br /><span style="font-size: medium;">・I <strong>am not</strong> Japanese.<br />・You <strong>are not</strong> Japanese.<br />・He <strong>is not</strong> Japanese.<br />・I <strong>was not</strong> Japanese.<br />・We <strong>were not</strong> Japanese.<br />・I <strong>am not</strong> playing the guitar.<br />・You <strong>are not</strong> playing the guitar.<br />・She<strong> is not</strong> playing the guitar.<br />・He <strong>was not</strong> playing the guitar.<br />・We <strong>were not</strong> playing the guitar.<br />・I <strong>am not</strong> punished.<br />・You <strong>are not</strong> punished.<br />・She <strong>is not</strong> punished.<br />・I <strong>was not</strong> punished.<br />・You<strong> were not</strong> punished.</span><br /><br /><br /><strong><span style="font-size: large;">Do</span></strong><br /><span style="font-size: medium;">・I <strong>do not</strong> play the guitar.<br />・He <strong>does not</strong> play the guitar.<br />・They <strong>did not</strong> play the guitar.</span><br /><br /><br /><strong><span style="font-size: large;">Have</span></strong><br /><span style="font-size: medium;">・I <strong>have not</strong> eaten dinner yet.<br />・She<strong> has not</strong> eaten dinner yet.<br />・We <strong>had not</strong> eaten dinner yet.<br />・I <strong>have not</strong> been eating enough.<br />・He <strong>has not</strong> been eating enough.<br />・She <strong>had not</strong> been eating enough.<br />・I <strong>have not</strong> been punished.<br />・He <strong>has not</strong> been punished.<br />・They <strong>had not</strong> been punished.</span><br /><br /><strong><span style="font-size: large;">Modal</span></strong><br /><span style="font-size: medium;">・I <strong>will not</strong> come home.<br />・You <strong>can not</strong> come home.<br />・She <strong>may not</strong> come home.<br />・He<strong> shall not</strong> come home.<br />・They <strong>must not</strong> come home.<br />・We <strong>would not</strong> go there.<br />・You<strong> could not</strong> go there.<br />・I <strong>might not</strong> go there.<br />・He <strong>should not</strong> go there.</span><br /><br /><br /><strong><span style="font-size: large;">Semi-modal</span></strong><br /><span style="font-size: medium;">・You <strong>ought not to</strong> know.<br />・She<strong> had better not</strong> know.<br />・He <strong>does not have to</strong> know.<br />・We <strong>didn't use to</strong> know.<br />・I <strong>dare not</strong> know.<br />・They <strong>do not need</strong> know</span></div>
</blockquote>
<br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><span font="" style="background-color: #fffdd7; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 30px;"><span style="border: 2px solid;"> Double negative </span></span><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><span style="background-color: #fbfefe; font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;"> </span><span style="font-size: medium;">A <strong>double negative</strong> is usually produced by combining the <strong>negative form of verb</strong> (e.g., cannot, did not, have not) with a <strong>negative pronoun</strong> (e.g., nothing, nobody), a <strong>negative adverb</strong> (e.g., never, hardly) or a <strong>negative conjunction</strong> (e.g., neither/nor).</span><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><blockquote style="background-color: white; border: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px; margin: 2px; padding: 5px;">
<div style="padding: 0px;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="color: red;">NOTE</span>:</span><br /> <span style="font-size: medium;">The usage of double negatives is <span style="color: red;">not</span> considered proper or <strong>standard in English</strong>.<br /><br /> On some occasions, mostly when speaking, the use of double negatives is accepted; however, you must remember that<u> the meaning of these expressions will always be <span style="color: blue;">positive</span>.</u></span></div>
</blockquote>
<br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><span style="background-color: #fbfefe; font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;"> </span><span style="font-size: medium;">A <strong>double negative</strong> occurs when two forms of negation are used in the same clause.</span><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><blockquote style="background-color: white; border: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px; margin: 2px; padding: 5px;">
<div style="padding: 0px;">
<span font="" style="background-color: #ffffb7; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 15px;"><span style="border: 2px solid;"> Example </span></span><br /><br /><span style="font-size: medium;">・I do<span style="color: red;">n't</span> want <span style="color: red;">nothing</span>.<br />(I want something.)</span></div>
</blockquote>
<br />
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-UusECjeedGI/UGPf7oGMqPI/AAAAAAAABm4/xjCoNci6KsU/s1600/negation6.jpeg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-UusECjeedGI/UGPf7oGMqPI/AAAAAAAABm4/xjCoNci6KsU/s1600/negation6.jpeg" /></a></div>
<br />
<br /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><hr size="1" style="color: #555555; font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" />
<span font="" style="background-color: #fffdd7; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 30px;"><span style="border: 2px solid;"> Agreement or not </span></span><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><strong style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;"><span style="font-size: large;">so</span></strong><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><span style="font-size: medium;">"<strong>So</strong>" is used to show agreement with positive statements.</span><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><blockquote style="background-color: white; border: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px; margin: 2px; padding: 5px;">
<div style="padding: 0px;">
<strong><span style="font-size: large;">SO + Auxiliary + Subject (pronoun)</span></strong></div>
</blockquote>
<br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><span style="font-size: medium;">The Auxiliary needs to agree with the verb tense in the original statement.</span><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><span style="font-size: medium;">It is similar to using "<strong>too</strong>" at the end of a sentence.</span><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-QQIwy0aFooU/UGPf8yG3G8I/AAAAAAAABnA/WSpy8FkXyy0/s1600/negation7.jpeg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-QQIwy0aFooU/UGPf8yG3G8I/AAAAAAAABnA/WSpy8FkXyy0/s1600/negation7.jpeg" /></a></div>
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<br />
<br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><strong style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;"><span style="font-size: large;">Neither</span></strong><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><span style="font-size: medium;">Neither is used to show agreement with negative statements.</span><span style="background-color: #fbfefe; font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;"> </span><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><span style="font-size: medium;">The Auxiliary needs to agree with the <strong>verb tense in the original statement.</strong></span><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><span style="font-size: medium;">It is similar to using "<strong>either</strong>" at the end of a sentence, although "<strong>Neither</strong>" is more commonly used, especially in spoken English.</span><span style="background-color: #fbfefe; font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;"> </span><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><blockquote style="background-color: white; border: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px; margin: 2px; padding: 5px;">
<div style="padding: 0px;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="color: red;">NOTE</span>:</span><br /><span style="font-size: medium;">Sometimes people respond "<strong>Me Neither</strong>" instead of ""<strong>Neither + Auxiliary + Subject</strong>" though this is <strong>very informal spoken English</strong>.</span></div>
</blockquote>
<br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-iok3F9_NV3o/UGPf_pnT2yI/AAAAAAAABnI/h19DiflN7Ps/s1600/negation8.jpeg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em; text-align: center;"><img border="0" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-iok3F9_NV3o/UGPf_pnT2yI/AAAAAAAABnI/h19DiflN7Ps/s1600/negation8.jpeg" /></a><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><hr size="1" style="color: #555555; font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" />
<span font="" style="background-color: #fffdd7; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 30px;"><span style="border: 2px solid;"> Gerunds and Infinitives </span></span><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><span style="font-size: medium;">We use "not" before "<strong>infinitives</strong>" and "<strong>-ing forms</strong>". "<strong>Do</strong>" is <span style="color: red;">not</span> used.</span><span style="background-color: #fbfefe; font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;"> </span><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><blockquote style="background-color: white; border: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px; margin: 2px; padding: 5px;">
<div style="padding: 0px;">
<span font="" style="background-color: #ffffb7; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 15px;"><span style="border: 2px solid;"> Example </span></span><br /><br /><span style="font-size: medium;">・He enjoys <strong>not</strong> working.<br />・The best thing for your health is <strong>not</strong> smoking.<br />・I decided <strong>not</strong> to go.<br />・The most important thing is <strong>not</strong> to give up.<br />・Do you promise <strong>not</strong> to tell my secret?<br />・<strong>Not</strong> arriving on time makes me uncomfortable.<br />・She considered <strong>not</strong> cycling up the mountain.<br />・She promised <strong>not</strong> to cycle up the mountain.<br />・She promised us <strong>not</strong> to cycle up the mountain.</span></div>
</blockquote>
<br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><span font="" style="background-color: #fffdd7; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 30px;"><span style="border: 2px solid;"> Inversion with negative adverbs </span></span><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><span style="font-size: medium;">Some negative adverbs can cause an <strong>inversion</strong> - the order is <strong>reversed</strong> and the verb goes before the subject</span><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><blockquote style="background-color: white; border: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px; margin: 2px; padding: 5px;">
<div style="padding: 0px;">
<span font="" style="background-color: #ffffb7; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 15px;"><span style="border: 2px solid;"> Example </span></span><br /><br /><span style="font-size: medium;">・I have never seen such courage.<br />➔・<strong> Never have I</strong> seen such courage.<br /><br />・She rarely left the house.<br />➔・<strong>Rarely did she </strong>leave the house.<br /><br />・I have never seen him crying.<br />➔・<strong>Never have I </strong>seen him crying.<br /><br />・I little knew what was going to happen. ➔・<strong>Little did I</strong> know what was going to happen.</span></div>
</blockquote>
<br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><blockquote style="background-color: white; border: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px; margin: 2px; padding: 5px;">
<div style="padding: 0px;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="color: red;">NOTE</span>:</span><br /><span style="font-size: medium;">Negative inversion is <u>used in writing</u>, <u><span style="color: red;">not</span> in speaking.</u></span><br /><br /><span style="font-size: medium;">Other adverbs and adverbial expressions that can be used like this:</span><br /><span style="font-size: medium;">seldom, scarcely, hardly, not only .....<br />but also, no sooner .....<br />than, not until, under no circumstances.</span></div>
</blockquote>
<br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><hr size="1" style="color: #555555; font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" />
<span font="" style="background-color: #fffdd7; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 30px;"><span style="border: 2px solid;"> Too </span></span><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><span style="font-size: medium;">The word "<strong>too</strong>" can be used to express a negative idea and so, to show the speaker's attitude to the quantity (so many that ... /so much he couldn't ...).</span><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><blockquote style="background-color: white; border: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px; margin: 2px; padding: 5px;">
<div style="padding: 0px;">
<span font="" style="background-color: #ffffb7; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 15px;"><span style="border: 2px solid;"> Example </span></span><br /><br /><span style="font-size: medium;">・It's <strong>too</strong> hot to play outside.<br />・I am <strong>too</strong> tired to go out tonight.<br />・He works <strong>too</strong> hard.<br />・This coffee is <strong>too</strong> hot.<br />・The coffee was <strong>too</strong> hot for me.<br />・The dress was <strong>too</strong> small for her.<br />・The coffee was <strong>too</strong> hot to drink.<br />・You're <strong>too</strong> young to have grandchildren!</span></div>
</blockquote>
<br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><hr size="1" style="color: #555555; font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" />
<span font="" style="background-color: #fffdd7; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 30px;"><span style="border: 2px solid;"> Degree of negation </span></span><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><strong style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;"><span style="font-size: large;">at all</span></strong><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><span style="font-size: medium;">in the slightest degree ( used with a negative or in a question ) in any way whatsoever or to any extent or degree</span><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><blockquote style="background-color: white; border: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px; margin: 2px; padding: 5px;">
<div style="padding: 0px;">
<span font="" style="background-color: #ffffb7; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 15px;"><span style="border: 2px solid;"> Example </span></span><br /><span style="font-size: medium;">・I wasn't surprised <strong>at all</strong>.<br />・I didn't know that <strong>at all</strong><br />・He was not <strong>at all</strong> frightened.<br />・He is not <strong>at all</strong> serious.<br />・I'm not <strong>at all</strong> excited.</span></div>
</blockquote>
<br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><strong style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;"><span style="font-size: large;">In the least, In the slightest</span></strong><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><span style="font-size: medium;">To any extent at all<br />In the slightest degree or in any respect:</span><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><blockquote style="background-color: white; border: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px; margin: 2px; padding: 5px;">
<div style="padding: 0px;">
<span font="" style="background-color: #ffffb7; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 15px;"><span style="border: 2px solid;"> Example </span></span><br /><br /><span style="font-size: medium;">・Not <strong>in the least</strong> surprised.<br />・The company is not corrupt <strong>in the least</strong>.<br />・The whole stupid argument didn't interest me<strong> in the slightest</strong>.</span></div>
</blockquote>
<br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><strong style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;"><span style="font-size: large;">a bit</span></strong><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><span style="font-size: medium;">none at all; not at all</span><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><blockquote style="background-color: white; border: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px; margin: 2px; padding: 5px;">
<div style="padding: 0px;">
<span font="" style="background-color: #ffffb7; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 15px;"><span style="border: 2px solid;"> Example </span></span><br /><br /><span style="font-size: medium;">・Am I unhappy? Not<strong> a bit</strong>.<br />・I'm not <strong>a bit</strong> happy with this bag<br />・She was not <strong>a bit</strong> interested.<br />・There's not <strong>a bit</strong> of difference between the two candidates.</span></div>
</blockquote>
<br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><hr size="1" style="color: #555555; font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" />
<span font="" style="background-color: #fffdd7; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 30px;"><span style="border: 2px solid;"> Other negative expressions </span></span><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><strong style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;"><span style="font-size: large;">cannot…too, can never…too</span></strong><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><span style="font-size: medium;">"<strong>you cannot be too </strong>..." means something like "<strong>you can always be more ...</strong>" or "<strong>there is no harm in being too ...</strong>".<br /><br /> The same thing goes for the others. For example, "This cannot be emphasized too much" means that "This can always be emphasized more" or "There is no harm in overemphasizing this".</span><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><blockquote style="background-color: white; border: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px; margin: 2px; padding: 5px;">
<div style="padding: 0px;">
<span font="" style="background-color: #ffffb7; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 15px;"><span style="border: 2px solid;"> Example </span></span><br /><br /><span style="font-size: medium;">・You<strong> can never</strong> be <strong>too</strong> careful.<br />・It <strong>cannot</strong> be emphasized <strong>too</strong> strongly.<br />・I <strong>cannot</strong> repeat this <strong>too</strong> often.<br />・You <strong>can't</strong> begin <strong>too</strong> soon.</span></div>
</blockquote>
<br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><strong style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;"><span style="font-size: large;">Anything but…</span></strong><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><span style="font-size: medium;">in no degree or respect; not in the least:</span><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><blockquote style="background-color: white; border: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px; margin: 2px; padding: 5px;">
<div style="padding: 0px;">
<span font="" style="background-color: #ffffb7; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 15px;"><span style="border: 2px solid;"> Example </span></span><br /><br /><span style="font-size: medium;">The plans were <strong>anything but</strong> definite.<br />We can't do <strong>anything but</strong> wait<br />Our hosts were <strong>anything but</strong> friendly.<br />It would be <strong>anything but</strong> a guidebook.</span></div>
</blockquote>
<br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><strong style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;"><span style="font-size: large;">Keep (somebody) from -ing, Prevent (somebody) form -ing</span></strong><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><span style="font-size: medium;">To prevent or restrain (oneself or another); refrain or cause to refrain</span><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><blockquote style="background-color: white; border: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px; margin: 2px; padding: 5px;">
<div style="padding: 0px;">
<span font="" style="background-color: #ffffb7; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 15px;"><span style="border: 2px solid;"> Example </span></span><br /><br /><span style="font-size: medium;">・Please <strong>keep</strong> your dog <strong>from</strong> <strong>running</strong> through our garden.<br />・I can hardly<strong> keep from laughing.</strong><br />・I could hardly <strong>keep from</strong> <strong>setting</strong> her free.<br />・ it was all he could do to <strong>keep from hugging</strong> us.</span></div>
</blockquote>
<br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" />Anonymousnoreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8137807130381503687.post-58420819094211508012012-09-27T14:07:00.002+09:002015-09-07T16:33:27.541+09:00Conditional Sentences <div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-ShChHSfQ2ew/UGPdJ7UOt_I/AAAAAAAABkI/IWwRYZ4sq_s/s1600/conditional+sentences1.jpeg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-ShChHSfQ2ew/UGPdJ7UOt_I/AAAAAAAABkI/IWwRYZ4sq_s/s1600/conditional+sentences1.jpeg" /></a></div>
<div align="center" style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;">
<br />
<br />
<br />
<strong><span style="font-size: large;">Conditional sentence</span></strong></div>
<br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" />
<a name='more'></a><br />
<br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" />
<br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" />
<br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" />
<span font="" style="background-color: #ffecec; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 40px;"><span style="border: 2px solid;"> Conditionals </span></span><br />
<br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" />
<span style="font-size: medium;"> Conditional sentences are <u>sentences discussing <strong>factual implications</strong> or <strong>hypothetical situations</strong> and<strong>their consequences(results)</strong>. </u></span><br />
<br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" />
<span style="font-size: medium;"> Languages use a variety of conditional constructions and verb forms (such as the <strong>*conditional mood</strong>) to form these kinds of sentences.</span><br />
<br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" />
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEisIkKEDoICtYLyutHfg2g2qhnB15WKzbsC2251z_3Z6Xz7ALM87aqYNVv3K6baMx3Lp4OQ-oxhKNCkOugJHg3hKu1MWoEDr-AvDdHX8dYEeGQAs3nLPcpcuJ73W_fEbP4KzHTWQxO_2kU/s1600/conditional+sentences2.jpeg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em; text-align: center;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEisIkKEDoICtYLyutHfg2g2qhnB15WKzbsC2251z_3Z6Xz7ALM87aqYNVv3K6baMx3Lp4OQ-oxhKNCkOugJHg3hKu1MWoEDr-AvDdHX8dYEeGQAs3nLPcpcuJ73W_fEbP4KzHTWQxO_2kU/s1600/conditional+sentences2.jpeg" /></a><br />
<br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" />
<br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" />
<span style="background-color: #fbfefe; font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;"> </span><br />
<blockquote style="background-color: white; border: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px; margin: 2px; padding: 5px;">
<div style="padding: 0px;">
<strong><span style="font-size: large;">*Conditional mood</span></strong><br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: medium;">The conditional mood is the form of the verb used <u>in conditional sentences to refer to a <strong>hypothetical state of affairs</strong></u>, or <u>an uncertain event that is contingent on another set of circumstances. </u><br /><br /> This mood is thus similar to the <strong>subjunctive mood</strong>, although<u> languages that have distinct verb forms for the two</u> use them in distinct ways.</span></div>
</blockquote>
<br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" />
<br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" />
<br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" />
<span style="font-size: medium;">Full conditional sentences contain<strong> two clauses</strong></span><br />
<br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" />
<blockquote style="background-color: white; border: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px; margin: 2px; padding: 5px;">
<div style="padding: 0px;">
<span style="font-size: medium;">・The <strong>condition</strong> or <strong>protasis</strong><br />(=the <strong>If- clause</strong> = subordinate clause)<br /><br />・The <strong>consequence (result)</strong> or <strong>apodosis</strong><br />(=an apodosis is the main clause in a conditional sentence)</span><br />
<br /></div>
<hr size="1" style="color: #555555;" />
<span font="" style="background-color: #ffffb7; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 15px;"><span style="border: 2px solid;"> Example </span></span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: large;">・<span style="color: blue;">If it rains</span>, <span style="color: red;">(then) the picnic will be cancelled</span>.</span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: medium;">If it rains = <strong><span style="color: blue;">condition</span></strong> = <strong>subordinate clause</strong><br /><br />(then) the picnic will be canselled = <strong><span style="color: red;">consequence</span>(result)</strong> = <strong>main clause</strong></span><br />
<hr size="1" style="color: #555555;" />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: medium;">Syntactically, the <strong>condition</strong> is the <strong>subordinate clause</strong>, and the <strong>consequence</strong> is the <strong>main clause</strong>.<br /><br /> However, <u>the properties of the entire sentence</u> are primarily determined <u>by the properties of the protasis (condition)</u> (its <strong>tense</strong> and <strong>degree of factualness</strong>).</span><br />
<div style="padding: 0px;">
</div>
</blockquote>
<br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" />
<br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" />
<br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" />
<span style="background-color: #fbfefe; font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;"> </span><span style="font-size: medium;">All conditional sentences contain a <strong>dependent clause</strong> and an <strong>independent clause</strong>.<br /><br /> The dependent clause usually<u> begins with "<strong>if</strong>"</u>; it expresses a <strong>condition</strong>. The independent clause expresses a <u><strong>result</strong> of the condition</u>.<br /><br /> The<strong> if-clause</strong> is usually <strong>first</strong>, but the order of the clauses is usually <strong><span style="color: red;">not</span> important</strong>.<br /><br /> Thus, these two sentences have basically the <span style="color: blue;">same meaning</span>:</span><br />
<br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" />
<blockquote style="background-color: white; border: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px; margin: 2px; padding: 5px;">
<div style="padding: 0px;">
<span font="" style="background-color: #ffffb7; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 15px;"><span style="border: 2px solid;"> Example </span></span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: large;">・If it rains, the picnic will be cancelled.<br />・The picnic will be cancelled if it rains.</span><br />
<br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="color: red;">NOTE</span>:</span><br />
<span style="font-size: medium;">If the "<strong>if-clause</strong>" comes first, a comma(,) is usually used. If the "<strong>if-clause</strong>" comes second, there is <strong><span style="color: red;">no</span>need for a comma(,)</strong>:</span></div>
</blockquote>
<br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" />
<br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" />
<br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" />
<blockquote style="background-color: white; border: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px; margin: 2px; padding: 5px;">
<div style="padding: 0px;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="color: red;">NOTE</span> :</span><br />
<br />
<strong><span style="font-size: large;">Leaving out If</span></strong><br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: medium;">In a <strong>formal</strong> or <strong>literary style</strong> "<strong>if</strong>" <u>can be dropped</u> and an <strong>auxiliary verb</strong> <u>put before the subject.</u><br /><br />This is common with "<strong>had</strong>", "<strong>should</strong>" and "<strong>were</strong>".</span><br />
<br />
<span font="" style="background-color: #ffffb7; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 15px;"><span style="border: 2px solid;"> Example </span></span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: medium;">・<strong>Were I</strong> you I would accept the offer.<br />(=<strong> <span style="color: blue;">If</span> I were</strong> you I would accept the offer.)<br /><br />・<strong>Had he</strong> not received her help he wouldn't have become a millionaire.<br />(=<strong> <span style="color: blue;">If</span> he had</strong> not received...)</span></div>
</blockquote>
<br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" />
<br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" />
<br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" />
<strong style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;"><span style="font-size: large;">Types of Conditionals</span></strong><br />
<br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" />
<br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" />
<span style="font-size: medium;">English conditional sentences can be divided into the two broad classes of<strong> factual</strong>/<strong>predictive</strong>(real) and<strong>hypothetical</strong>/<strong>counterfactual</strong> (unreal), depending on the form of the verb in the condition (If-clause). </span><span style="background-color: #fbfefe; font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;"></span><br />
<br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" />
<blockquote style="background-color: white; border: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px; margin: 2px; padding: 5px;">
<div style="padding: 0px;">
<span font="" style="background-color: #ffb98e; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 15px;"><span style="border: 2px solid;"> Points </span></span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: medium;">1.<strong>Factual/predictive conditions</strong>=<span style="color: blue;"> Factual</span> / <span style="color: blue;">Real</span> situations<br /><br />2.<strong>Hypothetical/counterfactual conditions</strong>= <span style="color: red;">Unreal</span> / <span style="color: red;">Imaginary</span> situations</span></div>
</blockquote>
<br />
<br />
<br />
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgxPR7ZYnDlR8SKGGQs18WfQo4iJ1cJqP5x-UYDLEySKV-hDLB3Hr4fxJwOyuZe-KV4JekCMLux9dmm4TXtfZPckW3HVBOoH_242SLZQCS1UV3hAh0y8ACEfMBrU7XJdR26sEsGIpaE7d4/s1600/conditional+sentences3.jpeg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em; text-align: center;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgxPR7ZYnDlR8SKGGQs18WfQo4iJ1cJqP5x-UYDLEySKV-hDLB3Hr4fxJwOyuZe-KV4JekCMLux9dmm4TXtfZPckW3HVBOoH_242SLZQCS1UV3hAh0y8ACEfMBrU7XJdR26sEsGIpaE7d4/s1600/conditional+sentences3.jpeg" /></a><br />
<br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" />
<br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" />
<hr size="1" style="color: #555555; font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" />
<span font="" style="background-color: #59acff; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 40px;"><span style="border: 2px solid;"> Factual/Real situations </span></span><br />
<br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" />
<br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" />
<br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" />
<span font="" style="background-color: #fffdd7; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 30px;"><span style="border: 2px solid;"> Zero conditional </span></span><br />
<br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" />
<span style="font-size: medium;">The Zero conditional is used for things that are <strong>always true</strong> <u>as long as the condition is met.</u></span><span style="background-color: #fbfefe; font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;"> </span><br />
<br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" />
<br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" />
<blockquote style="background-color: white; border: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px; margin: 2px; padding: 5px;">
<div style="padding: 0px;">
<span font="" style="background-color: #ffffb7; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 15px;"><span style="border: 2px solid;"> Example </span></span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: medium;">・If you <strong>heat</strong> ice, it <strong>melts</strong>.<br />・If you <strong>give</strong> respect, you <strong>get</strong> respect.<br />・If I <strong>am</strong> late, my father <strong>takes</strong> me to school.<br />・If he <strong>comes</strong> to town, we <strong>have</strong> dinner together.<br />・If he <strong>gets</strong> there before me, <strong>ask</strong> him to wait.<br />・When you <strong>fly</strong> budget airline, you <strong>have</strong> to pay for your drinks and snacks.<br />・<strong>Unless</strong> you <strong>need</strong> more space, a small car <strong>is</strong> big enough for one person.<br />・Residents only <strong>get</strong> a certificate if they <strong>have attended</strong> the course regularly.<br />・If unemployment <strong>is rising</strong>, people <strong>tend</strong> to stay in their present jobs.<br />・If you <strong>visit</strong> London, <strong>go on</strong> the London Eye.</span></div>
</blockquote>
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-KdCAZgcjh7I/UGPdbv-5seI/AAAAAAAABlg/sG61pdAFIvo/s1600/conditional+sentences4.jpeg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-KdCAZgcjh7I/UGPdbv-5seI/AAAAAAAABlg/sG61pdAFIvo/s1600/conditional+sentences4.jpeg" /></a></div>
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" />
<span style="font-size: medium;">Situations that are<strong> always true</strong> if something happens.</span><span style="background-color: #fbfefe; font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;"></span><br />
<blockquote style="background-color: white; border: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px; margin: 2px; padding: 5px;">
<div style="padding: 0px;">
<strong><span style="font-size: medium;">To talk about things that are :</span></strong><br />
<br />
<strong><span style="font-size: large;">・Facts<br />・General truths<br />・Habits<br />・Common events</span></strong></div>
</blockquote>
<br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" />
<br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" />
<br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" />
<strong style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;"><span style="font-size: large;">Form.</span></strong><br />
<br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" />
<br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" />
<span style="font-size: medium;">In most cases, it is possible to replace a zero conditional by a time clause using "<strong>when</strong>", "<strong>whenever</strong>", "<strong>unless</strong>".</span><span style="background-color: #fbfefe; font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;"> </span><br />
<br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" />
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjCVvNcBVoxCAqjdhpj9TNlOHZn5Apius0gvrzmqzud0P6R5Pqr3W8acjkAQKDGU4oZ3SNpOFtRFbcJyYbUX-3R6BLfxGkuDKfwJsXzUGUgxXTpkTgP2YfZQ7q0RaAeEsGLxSVAFopCFL0/s1600/conditional+sentences5.jpeg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em; text-align: center;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjCVvNcBVoxCAqjdhpj9TNlOHZn5Apius0gvrzmqzud0P6R5Pqr3W8acjkAQKDGU4oZ3SNpOFtRFbcJyYbUX-3R6BLfxGkuDKfwJsXzUGUgxXTpkTgP2YfZQ7q0RaAeEsGLxSVAFopCFL0/s1600/conditional+sentences5.jpeg" /></a><br />
<br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" />
<blockquote style="background-color: white; border: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px; margin: 2px; padding: 5px;">
<div style="padding: 0px;">
<strong><span style="font-size: large;">Basic form :</span></strong><br />
<br />
<strong><span style="font-size: large;">Present tense + Present tense</span></strong></div>
</blockquote>
<br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" />
<br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" />
<br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" />
<br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" />
<hr size="1" style="color: #555555; font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" />
<span font="" style="background-color: #fffdd7; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 30px;"><span style="border: 2px solid;"> 1st conditional </span></span><br />
<br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" />
<span style="font-size: medium;">Often called the "<strong>real</strong>" <strong>conditional</strong> because it is used for <strong>real</strong> - or <strong>possible</strong> - situations. These situations take place if a certain condition is met.</span><span style="background-color: #fbfefe; font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;"> </span><br />
<br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" />
<br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" />
<blockquote style="background-color: white; border: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px; margin: 2px; padding: 5px;">
<div style="padding: 0px;">
<span font="" style="background-color: #ffffb7; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 15px;"><span style="border: 2px solid;"> Example </span></span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: medium;">・If we <strong>take</strong> John, he<strong>'ll be</strong> really pleased.<br />・If you <strong>give</strong> me some money, I<strong>'ll pay</strong> you back tomorrow.<br />・If they <strong>tell</strong> us they want it, we'<strong>ll have</strong> to give it to them.<br />・If Mary <strong>comes</strong>, she<strong>'ll want</strong> to drive.<br />・If I <strong>see</strong> him, I<strong>'m going to tell</strong> him exactly how angry I am.<br />・If we <strong>don't get</strong> the contract, we'<strong>ll have wasted</strong> a lot of time and money.<br />・If you <strong>go</strong> to New York, you <strong>must have</strong> the cheesecake in Lindy's.<br />・If he <strong>comes</strong>, you <strong>can get</strong> a lift home with him.<br />・If he <strong>should arrive</strong>, we'<strong>ll invite</strong> him along to dinner.<br />・If they <strong>happen to come</strong> to town, we<strong>'ll have</strong> dinner.<br />・<strong>Provided</strong> he <strong>finishes</strong> his studies, he<strong>'ll find</strong> an excellent job.<br />・<strong>As long as she pays off</strong> the loan, the house <strong>will be</strong> hers at the end of next year.</span></div>
</blockquote>
<br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" />
<br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" />
<br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" />
<span style="font-size: medium;">The 1st conditional refers to <strong>the present or future time</strong>. Here the situation is <strong>real</strong> and <strong>possible</strong>. It is used to talk about a possible condition and its probable result.</span><br />
<span style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;"><br /></span>
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-3-Vb0UY7Blw/UGPdeyRUXHI/AAAAAAAABlw/T-0UZby9hJ8/s1600/conditional+sentences6.jpeg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-3-Vb0UY7Blw/UGPdeyRUXHI/AAAAAAAABlw/T-0UZby9hJ8/s1600/conditional+sentences6.jpeg" /></a></div>
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<span style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;"><br /></span><strong style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;"><span style="font-size: large;">Form.</span></strong><br />
<br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" />
<br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" />
<a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-ndOboVJmN94/UGPdgi2seSI/AAAAAAAABl4/ugO23zydZ6g/s1600/conditional+sentences7.jpeg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em; text-align: center;"><img border="0" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-ndOboVJmN94/UGPdgi2seSI/AAAAAAAABl4/ugO23zydZ6g/s1600/conditional+sentences7.jpeg" /></a><br />
<br />
<blockquote style="background-color: white; border: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px; margin: 2px; padding: 5px;">
<div style="padding: 0px;">
<strong><span style="font-size: large;">Basic form :</span></strong><br />
<br />
<strong><span style="font-size: large;">Present tense + Future tense</span></strong></div>
</blockquote>
<br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" />
<br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" />
<br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" />
<strong style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;"><span style="font-size: large;">Alternate Forms</span></strong><br />
<br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" />
<br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" />
<span font="" style="background-color: #c8ffc8; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 20px;"><span style="border: 2px solid;"> (be) Going to </span></span><br />
<br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" />
<br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" />
<span style="background-color: #fbfefe; font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;">In result clause,</span><br />
<span style="background-color: #fbfefe; font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;">'</span><span style="font-size: medium;"><strong>Going to</strong>' is often used to replace '<strong>will</strong>' in the first conditional. This is often done to <strong>emphasize a certain result</strong>.</span><br />
<br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" />
<blockquote style="background-color: white; border: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px; margin: 2px; padding: 5px;">
<div style="padding: 0px;">
<span font="" style="background-color: #ffffb7; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 15px;"><span style="border: 2px solid;"> Example </span></span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: medium;">・If you skip your classes, you <strong>are going to</strong> fail.<br />・If you don't mend your ways, you <strong>are going to</strong> land in trouble. </span></div>
</blockquote>
<br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" />
<br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" />
<br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" />
<span style="font-size: medium;">'<strong>Going to</strong>' can be used in the if-clause to mean '<strong>intend to</strong>'.</span><br />
<br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" />
<blockquote style="background-color: white; border: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px; margin: 2px; padding: 5px;">
<div style="padding: 0px;">
<span font="" style="background-color: #ffffb7; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 15px;"><span style="border: 2px solid;"> Example </span></span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: medium;">・If you <strong>are going to</strong> skip school, you certainly won't pass your exams.</span></div>
</blockquote>
<br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" />
<br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" />
<br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" />
<span font="" style="background-color: #c8ffc8; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 20px;"><span style="border: 2px solid;"> Future in both clauses </span></span><br />
<br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" />
<span style="font-size: medium;">Sometimes we use a<u> future tense in both clauses</u>. This is particularly common in<strong> polite requests</strong>.</span><br />
<br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" />
<br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" />
<blockquote style="background-color: white; border: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px; margin: 2px; padding: 5px;">
<div style="padding: 0px;">
<span font="" style="background-color: #ffffb7; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 15px;"><span style="border: 2px solid;"> Example </span></span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: medium;">・If you <strong>will</strong> marry me, I will love you forever. (More polite than '<strong>If you marry me</strong>')<br />・If you <strong>will</strong> wait for me, I will come with you.<br />・If you <strong>will</strong> help us, we will be grateful. </span></div>
</blockquote>
<br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" />
<br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" />
<span style="font-size: medium;">Here '<strong>will</strong>' means ' <strong>(be) willing to</strong>'. In more polite requests we can use' <strong>would</strong>'.</span><br />
<br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" />
<blockquote style="background-color: white; border: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px; margin: 2px; padding: 5px;">
<div style="padding: 0px;">
<span font="" style="background-color: #ffffb7; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 15px;"><span style="border: 2px solid;"> Example </span></span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: medium;">・If you <strong>would</strong> help us, we will be extremely grateful.<br />・If you <strong>would</strong> come this way, I will take you to the theatre.</span></div>
</blockquote>
<br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" />
<br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" />
<br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" />
<span font="" style="background-color: #c8ffc8; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 20px;"><span style="border: 2px solid;"> Present perfect in if-clause </span></span><br />
<br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" />
<span style="font-size: medium;">Sometimes we use a <strong>present perfect</strong>, instead of a simple present, in the if-clause. This is <u>to put an extra focus on the <strong>completion of an action</strong></u>.</span><span style="background-color: #fbfefe; font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;"> </span><br />
<br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" />
<blockquote style="background-color: white; border: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px; margin: 2px; padding: 5px;">
<div style="padding: 0px;">
<span font="" style="background-color: #ffffb7; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 15px;"><span style="border: 2px solid;"> Compare </span></span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: medium;">・We will go to the movies if you <strong>have finished</strong> your work.<br />(There is a focus on the completion of the action.)<br /><br />・We will go to the movies if you <strong>finish</strong> your work.<br />(There is no focus on the completion of the action.)</span></div>
</blockquote>
<br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" />
<br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" />
<br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" />
<span font="" style="background-color: #c8ffc8; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 20px;"><span style="border: 2px solid;"> Should in if-clause </span></span><br />
<br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" />
<span style="font-size: medium;">"<strong>Should</strong>" is sometimes used in the if-clause to imply that s<u>omething is possible, but not very likely.</u></span><br />
<br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" />
<br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" />
<blockquote style="background-color: white; border: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px; margin: 2px; padding: 5px;">
<div style="padding: 0px;">
<span font="" style="background-color: #ffffb7; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 15px;"><span style="border: 2px solid;"> Example </span></span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: medium;">・If he <strong>should</strong> arrive, we will invite him along to dinner.<br />(He will <strong>probably <span style="color: #990000;">not</span></strong> come. But if he comes, we will invite him to dinner.)</span></div>
</blockquote>
<br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" />
<br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" />
<span style="font-size: medium;">This use of "<strong>should</strong>" in the 1st conditional is stronger than the 2nd conditional in which an <strong>imaginary</strong> or<strong>unreal</strong> situation is presented.</span><br />
<br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" />
<br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" />
<blockquote style="background-color: white; border: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px; margin: 2px; padding: 5px;">
<div style="padding: 0px;">
<span font="" style="background-color: #ffffb7; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 15px;"><span style="border: 2px solid;"> Compare </span></span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: medium;">・If he arrives, we will invite him along to dinner.<br />( 1st conditional - He is <u>likely to come</u>. And if he comes we will invite him to dinner.)<br /><br />・If he arrived, we would invite him to dinner.<br />( 2nd conditional - I am <strong>sure</strong> <u>he will not come.</u>)<br /><br />・If he studied, he would pass the exam.<br />(2nd Conditional - I am <u><strong>sure</strong> the student will not pass.</u>)<br /><br />・If he studies, he will pass the exam.<br />( 1st conditional - He will <strong>probably</strong> study. And if he does he will pass.)<br /><br />・If he <strong>should</strong> study, he will pass the exam.<br />( 1st conditional with should - The student will <strong>probably <span style="color: red;">not</span></strong> study. But <u>if he does he will pass</u>.)</span></div>
</blockquote>
<br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" />
<br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" />
<br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" />
<span font="" style="background-color: #c8ffc8; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 20px;"><span style="border: 2px solid;"> Happen to/ should happen to </span></span><br />
<br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" />
<span style="font-size: medium;">We sometimes use "<strong>happen to</strong>" or "<strong>should happen to</strong>" in If- clauses. It suggests that<u> something is unlikely</u>, but if it happens, something else <u>will happen</u>.</span><br />
<br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" />
<br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" />
<blockquote style="background-color: white; border: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px; margin: 2px; padding: 5px;">
<div style="padding: 0px;">
<span font="" style="background-color: #ffffb7; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 15px;"><span style="border: 2px solid;"> Example </span></span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: medium;">・If they <strong>happen to</strong> come to town, we will meet them.<br />(= They are <u>unlikely to come</u>. But if they come, we <u>will meet</u> them.) </span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: medium;">"<strong>Should happen to</strong>" has a similar meaning.</span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: medium;">・If he <strong>should happen to</strong> get stuck in that town, he will be able to find a good hotel.</span></div>
</blockquote>
<br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" />
<br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" />
<br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" />
<span font="" style="background-color: #c8ffc8; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 20px;"><span style="border: 2px solid;"> Modals in result clauses </span></span><br />
<br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" />
<span style="font-size: medium;">We can use "<strong>modals</strong>" in result clauses to talk about <strong>future possibilities, </strong><strong>permission</strong> and <strong>advice</strong>.</span><span style="background-color: #fbfefe; font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;"> </span><br />
<br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" />
<br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" />
<blockquote style="background-color: white; border: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px; margin: 2px; padding: 5px;">
<div style="padding: 0px;">
<span font="" style="background-color: #ffffb7; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 15px;"><span style="border: 2px solid;"> Example </span></span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: medium;">・If you finish your work, you <strong>can</strong> go out and play.<br />・You <strong>should</strong> see a doctor if you continue to feel bad.<br />・If I arrive early, I <strong>might</strong> give him a call. </span></div>
</blockquote>
<br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" />
<br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" />
<br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" />
<span font="" style="background-color: #c8ffc8; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 20px;"><span style="border: 2px solid;"> Provided (that), As long as </span></span><br />
<br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" />
<span style="font-size: medium;">"<strong>Provided that</strong>" and "<strong>as long as</strong>" can be used instead of "<strong>if</strong>" to say that a particular condition must be met in order for something to happen.</span><span style="background-color: #fbfefe; font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;"> </span><br />
<br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" />
<blockquote style="background-color: white; border: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px; margin: 2px; padding: 5px;">
<div style="padding: 0px;">
<span font="" style="background-color: #ffffb7; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 15px;"><span style="border: 2px solid;"> Example </span></span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: medium;">・<strong>Provided (that)</strong> he <strong>finishes</strong> his studies, he <strong>will find</strong> an excellent job.<br />(= If he finishes his studies, he will find an excellent job.)<br /><br /><br />・<strong>As long as</strong> you <strong>pay off</strong> the loan, the house <strong>will be</strong> yours at the end of this year.<br />(= If you <strong>pay off</strong> the loan, the house <strong>will be</strong> yours at the end of this year.)</span></div>
</blockquote>
<br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" />
<br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" />
<br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" />
<br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" />
<br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" />
<hr size="1" style="color: #555555; font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" />
<span font="" style="background-color: #ff3535; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 40px;"><span style="border: 2px solid;"> Hypothetical / Unreal situations </span></span><br />
<br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" />
<br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" />
<br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" />
<span font="" style="background-color: #fffdd7; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 30px;"><span style="border: 2px solid;"> 2nd conditional </span></span><br />
<br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" />
<span style="font-size: medium;"> The <strong>Second Conditional</strong> can be used used to talk about <strong>imaginary present situations</strong>, where we are imagining something different f<u>rom what is really the case.</u><br /><br /> We can also use it to talk about things in the <strong>future</strong> that <u>are unlikely to happen,</u> as the condition is unlikely to be met.</span><span style="background-color: #fbfefe; font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;"></span><br />
<blockquote style="background-color: white; border: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px; margin: 2px; padding: 5px;">
<div style="padding: 0px;">
<span font="" style="background-color: #ffffb7; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 15px;"><span style="border: 2px solid;"> Example </span></span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: medium;">・If we <strong>were</strong> in London today, we'<strong>d be</strong> able to go to the Hyde Park.<br />・If I <strong>had</strong> millions dollars, I'<strong>d give</strong> a lot to charity.<br />・If <strong>it weren't for </strong>his dedication, this company <strong>wouldn'texsist!</strong><br />・<strong>Supposing</strong> he <strong>came</strong> to visit you, what <strong>would</strong> you <strong>do</strong>?<br />・If I <strong>lived</strong> in Japan, I'<strong>d have</strong> sushi every day.<br />・If I <strong>were</strong> you, I'<strong>d look</strong> for a new place to live.<br />・If I <strong>went</strong> to China, I'<strong>d visit</strong> the Great Wall.<br />・If I was the President, I'd reduce taxes.<br />・If we <strong>met</strong> up for lunch, we <strong>could go</strong> to that new restaurant.<br />・If I <strong>were to buy</strong> a new car, what <strong>would</strong> you <strong>say</strong>?</span></div>
</blockquote>
<br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" />
<br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" />
<br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" />
<span style="font-size: medium;">The 2nd conditional refers to <strong>present</strong> and<strong> future situations</strong>. It is used to talk about <strong>unreal</strong> - <strong>impossible</strong>,<strong>improbable</strong> or <strong>imaginary</strong> - situations.<br /><br />It refers to an <strong>unlikely</strong> or <strong>hypothetical</strong> condition and its probable result.</span><br />
<span style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;"><br /></span>
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-2768qX0DTpM/UGPdhxHK7RI/AAAAAAAABmA/WtUki3o4L10/s1600/conditional+sentences8.jpeg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-2768qX0DTpM/UGPdhxHK7RI/AAAAAAAABmA/WtUki3o4L10/s1600/conditional+sentences8.jpeg" /></a></div>
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<span style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;"><br /></span><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="color: red;">Note</span> the form '<strong>If I were you</strong>' which is often used to give <strong>advice</strong>.</span><br />
<br />
<blockquote style="background-color: white; border: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px; margin: 2px; padding: 5px;">
<div style="padding: 0px;">
<span font="" style="background-color: #ffffb7; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 15px;"><span style="border: 2px solid;"> Example </span></span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: medium;">・If<strong> I were you</strong>, I'd look for a new place to live.<br />・If <strong>I were you</strong>, I'd go back to school and get more qualifications.</span></div>
</blockquote>
<br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" />
<br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" />
<br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" />
<span style="font-size: medium;">The Second Conditional is also used to talk about '<strong>unlikely</strong>' situations.</span><br />
<br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" />
<blockquote style="background-color: white; border: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px; margin: 2px; padding: 5px;">
<div style="padding: 0px;">
<span font="" style="background-color: #ffffb7; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 15px;"><span style="border: 2px solid;"> Example </span></span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: medium;">・If I went to China, I'd <strong>visit the Great Wall</strong>.<br />・If I was the President, I'd <strong>reduce taxes</strong>.<br />・If you were in my position, you'd <strong>understand</strong>.</span></div>
</blockquote>
<br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" />
<br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" />
<br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" />
<blockquote style="background-color: white; border: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px; margin: 2px; padding: 5px;">
<div style="padding: 0px;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="color: red;">NOTE</span>:</span><br />
<span style="font-size: medium;">sometimes the '<strong>if clause</strong>' is<u> implied rather than spoken.</u></span><br />
<br />
<br />
<span font="" style="background-color: #ffffb7; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 15px;"><span style="border: 2px solid;"> Example </span></span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: medium;">・What would I do without you? ("if you weren't here")<br />・Where would I get one at this time of night? ("if I wanted one")<br />・He wouldn't agree. ("if I asked him")</span></div>
</blockquote>
<br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" />
<br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" />
<br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" />
<span font="" style="background-color: #c8ffc8; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 20px;"><span style="border: 2px solid;"> 1st or 2nd - What to use? </span></span><br />
<br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" />
<strong style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Real and imaginary situations</span></strong><br />
<br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" />
<br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" />
<span style="font-size: medium;">The 1st conditional is often called the<strong> real conditional</strong>. It is used for<u> <strong>real</strong> and <strong>possible</strong> situations.</u><br /><br />The 2nd conditional is used for <u><strong>unreal</strong> - <strong>impossible</strong>, <strong>improbable</strong> or <strong>imaginary</strong> - situations.</u></span><span style="background-color: #fbfefe; font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;"> </span><br />
<br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" />
<br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" />
<blockquote style="background-color: white; border: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px; margin: 2px; padding: 5px;">
<div style="padding: 0px;">
<span font="" style="background-color: #ffffb7; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 15px;"><span style="border: 2px solid;"> Compare </span></span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: medium;">・If I become the President, I will give free electricity to farmers.<br />(Said by a <strong>candidate</strong>, who may win the election -1st conditional)<br /><br />・If I became the President, I would give free electricity to farmers.<br />(Said by a <strong>child</strong> - 2nd conditional)<br /><br /><br />・If I win this race, I will be happy.<br />(- Said by <strong>the fastest runner</strong> - 1st conditional)<br /><br />・If I won this race, I would be happy.<br />(- Said by<strong> the slowest runner</strong> - 2nd conditional) </span><br />
<br />
<br />
<a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-62XQ6nV_D7w/UGPdjvqfuTI/AAAAAAAABmI/SSQfSxMGoH8/s1600/conditional+sentences9.jpeg" imageanchor="1" style="font-size: medium; line-height: normal; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em; text-align: center;"><img border="0" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-62XQ6nV_D7w/UGPdjvqfuTI/AAAAAAAABmI/SSQfSxMGoH8/s1600/conditional+sentences9.jpeg" /></a></div>
</blockquote>
<br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" />
<br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" />
<br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" />
<strong style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Direct requests and suggestions</span></strong><br />
<br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" />
<br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" />
<span style="font-size: medium;">In direct request or suggestions <u>we use 1st. conditional.</u><br />To make a request or suggestion <strong>more polite</strong>, <u>we use type 2nd. conditional.</u></span><span style="background-color: #fbfefe; font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;"> </span><br />
<br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" />
<br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" />
<blockquote style="background-color: white; border: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px; margin: 2px; padding: 5px;">
<div style="padding: 0px;">
<span font="" style="background-color: #ffffb7; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 15px;"><span style="border: 2px solid;"> Compare </span></span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: medium;">・I <strong>will be</strong> grateful if you <strong>lend</strong> me some money. (<strong>direct request</strong> - 1st)<br />・It <strong>will be</strong> nice if you <strong>help</strong> me. (<strong>direct request</strong> - 1st)<br /><br /><strong>More polite</strong><br /><br />・It<strong> would be</strong> nice if you<strong> helped</strong> me. (<strong>less direct</strong>, <strong>more polite</strong> request - 2nd)<br />・I <strong>would be</strong> grateful if you <strong>lent</strong> me some money. <strong>(more polite</strong> request - 2nd)</span></div>
</blockquote>
<br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" />
<br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" />
<br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" />
<strong style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;"><span style="font-size: large;">Form.</span></strong><br />
<span style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;"><b><br /></b></span>
<span style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;"><b><br /></b></span>
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-klNCOxS3u-A/UGPdK8qT4XI/AAAAAAAABkM/IU3SXhArbxI/s1600/conditional+sentences10.jpeg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-klNCOxS3u-A/UGPdK8qT4XI/AAAAAAAABkM/IU3SXhArbxI/s1600/conditional+sentences10.jpeg" /></a></div>
<span style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;"><b><br /></b></span>
<span style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;"><b><br /></b></span>
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<br />
<blockquote style="background-color: white; border: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px; margin: 2px; padding: 5px;">
<div style="padding: 0px;">
<strong><span style="font-size: large;">Basic form :</span></strong><br />
<br />
<strong><span style="font-size: large;">Past tense + Conditional simple or progressive</span></strong></div>
</blockquote>
<br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" />
<br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" />
<br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" />
<strong style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;"><span style="font-size: large;">Alternate forms</span></strong><br />
<br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" />
<span font="" style="background-color: #c8ffc8; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 20px;"><span style="border: 2px solid;"> Modals in the result clause </span></span><br />
<br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" />
<strong style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;"><span style="font-size: large;">Could</span></strong><br />
<br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" />
<span style="font-size: medium;">We can use "<strong>could</strong>" in the result clause to mean "<strong>would be able to</strong>".</span><br />
<br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" />
<br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" />
<blockquote style="background-color: white; border: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px; margin: 2px; padding: 5px;">
<div style="padding: 0px;">
<span font="" style="background-color: #ffffb7; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 15px;"><span style="border: 2px solid;"> Example </span></span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: medium;">・If you were more serious about your work, you <strong>could finish</strong> it in time.<br />(= You <strong>would be able to finish</strong> it in time.)<br /><br />・If I had more money, I <strong>could buy</strong> a new car.<br />(= I <strong>would be able to buy</strong> a new car.)<br /><br />・If you spoke a foreign language, you <strong>could get</strong> a better job.<br />(= You <strong>would be able to get</strong> a better job.)</span></div>
</blockquote>
<br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" />
<br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" />
<br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" />
<strong style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;"><span style="font-size: large;">Might</span></strong><br />
<br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" />
<span style="font-size: medium;">"<strong>Might</strong>" can be used in the result clause to mean "<strong>would perhaps</strong>" or "<strong>would possibly</strong>".</span><br />
<br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" />
<br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" />
<blockquote style="background-color: white; border: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px; margin: 2px; padding: 5px;">
<div style="padding: 0px;">
<span font="" style="background-color: #ffffb7; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 15px;"><span style="border: 2px solid;"> Example </span></span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: medium;">・If you requested them more politely, they <strong>might help</strong> you.<br />(= They <strong>would perhaps help</strong> you.)</span></div>
</blockquote>
<br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" />
<br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" />
<br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" />
<span font="" style="background-color: #c8ffc8; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 20px;"><span style="border: 2px solid;"> Were to </span></span><br />
<br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" />
<span style="font-size: medium;">If can be followed by '<strong>subject</strong> + <strong>were to</strong>' to<u> suggest that we are talking about an imaginary condition.</u></span><br />
<br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" />
<blockquote style="background-color: white; border: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px; margin: 2px; padding: 5px;">
<div style="padding: 0px;">
<span font="" style="background-color: #ffffb7; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 15px;"><span style="border: 2px solid;"> Example </span></span><br />
<br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: medium;">・If I <strong>were to buy</strong> a new car, what <strong>would</strong> you <strong>say</strong>?<br />・If you <strong>were to lose</strong> your job, what <strong>would</strong> you <strong>do</strong>?<br />・If you <strong>were to win</strong>, what <strong>would</strong> you <strong>give</strong> me?</span></div>
</blockquote>
<br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" />
<br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" />
<br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" />
<span font="" style="background-color: #c8ffc8; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 20px;"><span style="border: 2px solid;"> If it were not for </span></span><br />
<br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" />
<span style="font-size: medium;">This structure is used to say that <u>one event depends on another for <strong>completion</strong>.</u></span><br />
<br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" />
<br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" />
<blockquote style="background-color: white; border: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px; margin: 2px; padding: 5px;">
<div style="padding: 0px;">
<span font="" style="background-color: #ffffb7; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 15px;"><span style="border: 2px solid;"> Example </span></span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: medium;">・If<strong> it weren't for his dedication,</strong> this company wouldn't exist.<br />・If <strong>it weren't for your timely help</strong>, I wouldn't be alive today.<br />・If<strong> it weren't for his wife's money</strong>, he wouldn't be a millionaire.</span></div>
</blockquote>
<br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" />
<br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" />
<br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" />
<span font="" style="background-color: #c8ffc8; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 20px;"><span style="border: 2px solid;"> Supposing </span></span><br />
<br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" />
<span style="font-size: medium;">"<strong>Supposing</strong>" is used in place of "<strong>if</strong>" to <strong>emphasize the imaginary</strong>.<u> It is more commonly used in everyday speech.</u></span><span style="background-color: #fbfefe; font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;"> </span><br />
<br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" />
<blockquote style="background-color: white; border: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px; margin: 2px; padding: 5px;">
<div style="padding: 0px;">
<span font="" style="background-color: #ffffb7; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 15px;"><span style="border: 2px solid;"> Example </span></span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: medium;">・<strong>Supposing</strong> he came to visit you, what would you do?<br />(= If he came to visit you, what would you do?)<br /><br />・<strong>Supposing</strong> I became the Miss World, what would you say?</span></div>
</blockquote>
<br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" />
<br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" />
<br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" />
<br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" />
<hr size="1" style="color: #555555; font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" />
<span font="" style="background-color: #fffdd7; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 30px;"><span style="border: 2px solid;"> 3rd conditional </span></span><br />
<br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" />
<span style="font-size: medium;">We can use the Third Conditional to talk about '<strong>impossible</strong>' conditions, impossible because they are in the<strong>past</strong> and <u>we can<span style="color: red;">not</span> change what has happened.</u></span><br />
<br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" />
<br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" />
<blockquote style="background-color: white; border: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px; margin: 2px; padding: 5px;">
<div style="padding: 0px;">
<strong><span style="font-size: medium;">To talk about things that are:</span></strong><br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: large;">・<strong>Untrue</strong> (never happened)<br />・<strong>Unreal</strong> (imaginary)<br />・<strong>Disappointing</strong> (regrettable)</span></div>
</blockquote>
<br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" />
<br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" />
<br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" />
<blockquote style="background-color: white; border: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px; margin: 2px; padding: 5px;">
<div style="padding: 0px;">
<span font="" style="background-color: #ffffb7; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 15px;"><span style="border: 2px solid;"> Example </span></span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: medium;">・If I <strong>had worked</strong> harder at school, I <strong>would have got</strong> better grades.<br />・If we <strong>had bought</strong> that house, we would<strong> have had to rebuild</strong> the kitchen.<br />・If I <strong>had seen</strong> him at the meeting, I <strong>would have asked</strong> him.<br />・If I<strong> had seen</strong> him at the meeting, I <strong>might have asked</strong> him.<br />・<strong>But for</strong> our savings, we <strong>wouldn't have been able to make</strong> the payments.<br />・If<strong> it hadn't been for</strong> Jack, we <strong>would have failed</strong>.<br />・If I <strong>had won</strong> that award, my life <strong>would have changed</strong>.<br />・If she <strong>had studied</strong> science, she <strong>would have found</strong> a better job.<br />・If you<strong> had invited</strong> them they <strong>would have come</strong>.<br />・If you <strong>had worked</strong> harder you <strong>would have passed</strong> the exam. </span></div>
</blockquote>
<br />
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-7hayqKPOY9Q/UGPdMO6kFFI/AAAAAAAABkY/S2PgQMacs7M/s1600/conditional+sentences11.jpeg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-7hayqKPOY9Q/UGPdMO6kFFI/AAAAAAAABkY/S2PgQMacs7M/s1600/conditional+sentences11.jpeg" /></a></div>
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" />
<br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" />
<blockquote style="background-color: white; border: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px; margin: 2px; padding: 5px;">
<div style="padding: 0px;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="color: red;">NOTE</span>:</span><br />
<span style="font-size: medium;">sometimes the '<strong>if clause</strong>' is<u> implied rather than spoken.</u></span><br />
<br />
<br />
<span font="" style="background-color: #ffffb7; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 15px;"><span style="border: 2px solid;"> Example </span></span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: medium;">・I'd have done it. ("if you had asked me but you didn't.")<br />・I wouldn't have said that. ("if I'd been there.")<br />・He wouldn't have let him get away with that. ("if he had tried that with me.")</span></div>
</blockquote>
<br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" />
<br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" />
<br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" />
<strong style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;"><span style="font-size: large;">Form.</span></strong><br />
<br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" />
<a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-AZq2mj3QYoc/UGPdNdWzpbI/AAAAAAAABkg/dpWwb4tEQCI/s1600/conditional+sentences12.jpeg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em; text-align: center;"><img border="0" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-AZq2mj3QYoc/UGPdNdWzpbI/AAAAAAAABkg/dpWwb4tEQCI/s1600/conditional+sentences12.jpeg" /></a><br />
<br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" />
<blockquote style="background-color: white; border: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px; margin: 2px; padding: 5px;">
<div style="padding: 0px;">
<strong><span style="font-size: large;">Basic form :</span></strong><br />
<br />
<strong><span style="font-size: large;">Past perfect tense + Conditional perfect or perfect progressive</span></strong></div>
</blockquote>
<br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" />
<br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" />
<br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" />
<strong style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;"><span style="font-size: large;">Alternate forms</span></strong><span style="background-color: #fbfefe; font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;"> </span><br />
<br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" />
<span font="" style="background-color: #c8ffc8; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 20px;"><span style="border: 2px solid;"> Modals in result clauses </span></span><br />
<br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" />
<blockquote style="background-color: white; border: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px; margin: 2px; padding: 5px;">
<div style="padding: 0px;">
<span font="" style="background-color: #ffffb7; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 15px;"><span style="border: 2px solid;"> Example </span></span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: medium;">・If he <strong>had known</strong>, he<strong> could have helped</strong> you.<br />・You <strong>might have finished</strong> the assignment on time, if you <strong>had planned</strong> more carefully.<br />・If you <strong>hadn't prepared</strong>, you <strong>should have told</strong> the professor. </span></div>
</blockquote>
<br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" />
<br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" />
<br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" />
<span font="" style="background-color: #c8ffc8; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 20px;"><span style="border: 2px solid;"> But for </span></span><br />
<br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" />
<span style="font-size: medium;">"<strong>But for</strong>" replaces "<strong>if not</strong>" and is<u> followed by a <strong>noun</strong>.</u><br /><br />It is usually used in <strong>formal speech</strong>.</span><br />
<br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" />
<blockquote style="background-color: white; border: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px; margin: 2px; padding: 5px;">
<div style="padding: 0px;">
<span font="" style="background-color: #ffffb7; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 15px;"><span style="border: 2px solid;"> Example </span></span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: medium;">・<strong>But for</strong> our savings, we wouldn't have been able to make the payments.</span></div>
</blockquote>
<br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" />
<br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" />
<br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" />
<span font="" style="background-color: #c8ffc8; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 20px;"><span style="border: 2px solid;"> If it hadn't been for </span></span><br />
<br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" />
<span style="font-size: medium;">'<strong>If it hand't been for</strong>' emphasizes that one event depended on another for <strong>completion</strong>.<br /><br />This form is often used to show<u> what the negative results "<strong>would have been</strong>" without a certain person or thing.</u></span><br />
<br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" />
<br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" />
<blockquote style="background-color: white; border: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px; margin: 2px; padding: 5px;">
<div style="padding: 0px;">
<span font="" style="background-color: #ffffb7; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 15px;"><span style="border: 2px solid;"> Example </span></span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: medium;">・If <strong>it hadn't been for</strong> Jack, we <strong>would have failed.</strong></span></div>
</blockquote>
<br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" />
<br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" />
<br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" />
<br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" />
<hr size="1" style="color: #555555; font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" />
<span font="" style="background-color: #fffdd7; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 30px;"><span style="border: 2px solid;"> Mixed conditional </span></span><br />
<br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" />
<br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" />
<span style="font-size: medium;">When we talk about mixed conditionals, we are referring to conditional sentences that <strong>combine two different types of conditional patterns</strong>.<br /><br /> These combinations are <span style="color: red;">not</span> all that frequent, but the most common combination is when we have a <strong>3rd conditional</strong> in the if-clause (if + past perfect) followed by a <strong>2nd conditional</strong> (would + bare infinitive) in the main clause. </span><span style="background-color: #fbfefe; font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;"></span><br />
<br />
<br />
<br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-unlvF9ySl94/UGPdPtNRP9I/AAAAAAAABko/BHjAmSO6bD8/s1600/conditional+sentences13.jpeg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-unlvF9ySl94/UGPdPtNRP9I/AAAAAAAABko/BHjAmSO6bD8/s1600/conditional+sentences13.jpeg" /></a></div>
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/--dA7JG4g1IY/UGPdQz4qs4I/AAAAAAAABkw/2hELYe0fQOg/s1600/conditional+sentences14.jpeg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/--dA7JG4g1IY/UGPdQz4qs4I/AAAAAAAABkw/2hELYe0fQOg/s1600/conditional+sentences14.jpeg" /></a></div>
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgGmcIT13-lvRHKBoQTr7o3CuK5aANFYU1ZVnqGlmU4rBPOWcG46RotRbTzcCYKM3F5T4YFdtjT1d7mCMQhvtXDre3RCFLIRvGq9Bg6J2fRi99XCY2RrDtLndhGkNobBPvZn0eTCBv_aUM/s1600/conditional+sentences15.jpeg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgGmcIT13-lvRHKBoQTr7o3CuK5aANFYU1ZVnqGlmU4rBPOWcG46RotRbTzcCYKM3F5T4YFdtjT1d7mCMQhvtXDre3RCFLIRvGq9Bg6J2fRi99XCY2RrDtLndhGkNobBPvZn0eTCBv_aUM/s1600/conditional+sentences15.jpeg" /></a></div>
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-jNeFN-F9xlM/UGPdUn5aTRI/AAAAAAAABlA/qjPZLi5cIpU/s1600/conditional+sentences16.jpeg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-jNeFN-F9xlM/UGPdUn5aTRI/AAAAAAAABlA/qjPZLi5cIpU/s1600/conditional+sentences16.jpeg" /></a></div>
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-7bDoeauzcoU/UGPdVkotcOI/AAAAAAAABlI/Dortvxcq3B0/s1600/conditional+sentences17.jpeg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-7bDoeauzcoU/UGPdVkotcOI/AAAAAAAABlI/Dortvxcq3B0/s1600/conditional+sentences17.jpeg" /></a></div>
<span style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;"><b><br /></b></span>
<br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjrdrQTXjnwvCDp9IGt4zEJ4tSX_ZuWf9L6QRBdmuasBEKyufP-1ag4d5yZ3KYbHchQmhudrcrXEazQXLdAPazqVVsLY5szpmcugwYJenvYe2yBm6NsVITSdQcUOGE3fpHP21sINW4Hj2c/s1600/white_page_sample_-_Google_Search.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjrdrQTXjnwvCDp9IGt4zEJ4tSX_ZuWf9L6QRBdmuasBEKyufP-1ag4d5yZ3KYbHchQmhudrcrXEazQXLdAPazqVVsLY5szpmcugwYJenvYe2yBm6NsVITSdQcUOGE3fpHP21sINW4Hj2c/s1600/white_page_sample_-_Google_Search.jpg" /></a></div>
<br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /></div>
Anonymousnoreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8137807130381503687.post-22744147576491888972012-09-27T13:53:00.001+09:002012-09-27T13:53:45.166+09:00Relative clauses 3<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiydF-M1QR-B96AWlFcEfuVOzDgQ2mskzvY2jbHoFDwlMD54uU5DKTblU7KU_VzakshJ0DJ0MThR3uuqVCtMzPgahUzZa1y8we0lzcefoKt3dISArAXMkGZO5kILBpn35EnrxEFbvkn5tM/s1600/relative+clauses+3-1.jpeg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiydF-M1QR-B96AWlFcEfuVOzDgQ2mskzvY2jbHoFDwlMD54uU5DKTblU7KU_VzakshJ0DJ0MThR3uuqVCtMzPgahUzZa1y8we0lzcefoKt3dISArAXMkGZO5kILBpn35EnrxEFbvkn5tM/s1600/relative+clauses+3-1.jpeg" /></a></div>
<div align="center" style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;">
<br />
<br />
<br />
<strong><span style="font-size: large;">Relative clause 3</span></strong></div>
<div align="center" style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;">
<strong><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></strong></div>
<div align="center" style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;">
<strong><span style="font-size: large;"></span></strong><br />
<a name='more'></a><strong><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></strong></div>
<div align="center" style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;">
<strong><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></strong></div>
<div align="center" style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;">
<strong><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></strong></div>
<br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" />
<br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" />
<div align="center" style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;">
<span font="" style="background-color: #ffecec; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 40px;"><span style="border: 2px solid;"> Relative Adverb </span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: arial;">⇅</span><br />
<span font="" style="background-color: #ffecec; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 40px;"><span style="border: 2px solid;"> Preposition+Relative Pronoun </span></span><br />
<strong><span style="font-size: large;"> </span></strong></div>
<div align="center" style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;">
<strong><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></strong></div>
<div align="center" style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;">
<strong><span style="font-size: large;">(<span style="color: blue;">Preposition</span> + <span style="color: blue;">whom</span> or <span style="color: blue;">which</span>)</span></strong></div>
<br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" />
<br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" />
<br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" />
<br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" />
<br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" />
<br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" />
<span font="" style="background-color: #fffdd7; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 45px;"><span style="border: 2px solid;"> Where ≒ In / at / on … + which</span></span><br />
<br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" />
<span font="" style="background-color: dodgerblue; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 45px;"><span style="border: 2px solid;"> where </span></span><br />
<br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" />
<span style="font-size: medium;">The relative adverb "<strong>Where</strong>" is modify a noun phrase of place, location, or space.</span><br />
<br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" />
<blockquote style="background-color: white; border: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px; margin: 2px; padding: 5px;">
<div style="padding: 0px;">
<span font="" style="background-color: #ffffb7; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 15px;"><span style="border: 2px solid;"> Example </span></span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: medium;">・The restaurant <strong>where</strong> we had dinner was near our house.<br />・This is the place <strong>where</strong> we often play.</span></div>
</blockquote>
<br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" />
<br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" />
<br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" />
<span style="font-size: medium;"> <strong>In which</strong>, <strong>at which</strong> and <strong>on which</strong> are sometimes used as<u> more precise sounding</u>alternatives to "<strong>where</strong>" to introduce relative clauses after <u>nouns referring to place</u>:</span><span style="background-color: #fbfefe; font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;"> </span><br />
<br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" />
<br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" />
<br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" />
<br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" />
<span font="" style="background-color: #1e9fff; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 30px;"><span style="border: 2px solid;"> In which </span></span><br />
<br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" />
<span style="font-size: medium;">"<strong>In which</strong>" is used for CITY, AREA, COUNTRY, ROOM...</span><br />
<span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span>
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-pG9LQc8K3f4/UGPa3KaWqpI/AAAAAAAABjE/glfeMGSvV6o/s1600/relative+clauses+3-2.jpeg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-pG9LQc8K3f4/UGPa3KaWqpI/AAAAAAAABjE/glfeMGSvV6o/s1600/relative+clauses+3-2.jpeg" /></a></div>
<span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-size: medium;"> </span><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span><br />
<blockquote style="background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); margin: 2px; padding: 5px;">
<div style="padding: 0px;">
<span font="" style="background-color: #ffffb7; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 15px;"><span style="border: 2px solid;"> Example </span></span><br />
<br />
・Tokyo is the stressful city <strong>in which</strong> I have ever lived.<br />
・The forest <strong>in which</strong> you were is not allowed to enter.<br />
・The country <strong>in which</strong> I pay taxes is Japan,<strong> in which</strong> I was born.</div>
</blockquote>
<br />
<br />
<br />
<span font="" style="background-color: dodgerblue; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 30px;"><span style="border: 2px solid;"> At which </span></span><br />
<br />
"<strong>At which</strong>" is used for EXACT or SPECIFIC ADDRESS OR PLACE.<br />
<span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span>
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-mW8xF6EfIhU/UGPa3zQYPjI/AAAAAAAABjQ/Hz4-t0sID-0/s1600/relative+clauses+3-3.jpeg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-mW8xF6EfIhU/UGPa3zQYPjI/AAAAAAAABjQ/Hz4-t0sID-0/s1600/relative+clauses+3-3.jpeg" /></a></div>
<span style="font-size: medium;"> </span><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span><br />
<blockquote style="background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); margin: 2px; padding: 5px;">
<div style="padding: 0px;">
<span font="" style="background-color: #ffffb7; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 15px;"><span style="border: 2px solid;"> Example </span></span><br />
<br />
・The station <strong>at which</strong> I have to stop was already passed.<br />
・I was late for the event <strong>at which</strong> I was invited to speak .</div>
</blockquote>
<br />
<br />
<br />
<span font="" style="background-color: dodgerblue; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 30px;"><span style="border: 2px solid;"> On which </span></span><br />
<br />
<br />
"<strong>On which</strong>" is used for FLOOR, STREET LOCATION, GEOGRAPHICAL PLACE...<br />
<span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span>
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-WyBosum7Ik8/UGPa5mpIHrI/AAAAAAAABjY/mQ-XEHK9O_M/s1600/relative+clauses+3-4.jpeg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-WyBosum7Ik8/UGPa5mpIHrI/AAAAAAAABjY/mQ-XEHK9O_M/s1600/relative+clauses+3-4.jpeg" /></a></div>
<span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span><br />
<blockquote style="background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); margin: 2px; padding: 5px;">
<div style="padding: 0px;">
<span font="" style="background-color: #ffffb7; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 15px;"><span style="border: 2px solid;"> Example </span></span><br />
<br />
・The floor <strong>on which</strong> I live has no elevator.<br />
・The road <strong>on which</strong> I used to play was ruined.</div>
</blockquote>
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
"<strong>Where</strong>" is also able to use to refer to relationships other than location, particularly after words such as <strong>case, condition, example, situation, system: </strong><br />
<br />
<br />
<blockquote style="background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); margin: 2px; padding: 5px;">
<div style="padding: 0px;">
<span font="" style="background-color: #ffffb7; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 15px;"><span style="border: 2px solid;"> Example </span></span><br />
<br />
・There is a <strong>case</strong> <strong>where (in which)</strong> new evidence was let (in).<br />
・Hypoglycemia is a <strong>condition where</strong> the level of sugar in the blood drop suddenly.<br />
・I think that is an <strong>example where</strong> it has created a problem.<br />
・If there is a <strong>situation where</strong> there is smoke, then there is a situation where there is a fire.<br />
・The organisation is a<strong> system where</strong> all these functions are interrelated.</div>
</blockquote>
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<hr size="1" style="color: #555555;" />
<span font="" style="background-color: #fffdd7; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 40px;"><span style="border: 2px solid;"> when ≒ In / at / on / by… + which </span></span><br />
<br />
<span font="" style="background-color: #c8ffc8; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 50px;"><span style="border: 2px solid;"> when </span></span><br />
<br />
The relative adverb "<strong>when</strong>" is used to modify a noun phrase of time. Such noun phrases include nouns that denote periods of time such as,<strong> "day", "week", "hour", "minute", "month", "year", and similar terms.</strong><br />
<br />
<br />
<blockquote style="background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); margin: 2px; padding: 5px;">
<div style="padding: 0px;">
<span font="" style="background-color: #ffffb7; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 15px;"><span style="border: 2px solid;"> Example </span></span><br />
<br />
・Jessie remembered the day <strong>when</strong> he forgot to set his alarm clock.<br />
・Jessie remembered the day <strong>that</strong> he forgot to set his alarm clock.<br />
<br />
・We will all feel nervous until next Tuesday, <strong>when</strong> results of the auditions will be posted.<br />
・We will all feel nervous until next Tuesday, <strong>which</strong> results of the auditions will be posted.</div>
</blockquote>
<br />
<br />
<br />
"<strong>In which</strong>", "<strong>At which</strong>" and "<strong>On which</strong>" is sometimes used as a <u>more precise sounding</u>alternative to "<strong>when</strong>" to introduce relative clauses after<strong> nouns referring to time</strong>:<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<span font="" style="background-color: #c8ffc8; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 30px;"><span style="border: 2px solid;"> In which </span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span>
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-Nrea3KpVqBU/UGPa6kb0DxI/AAAAAAAABjg/YKTYHBKzsnM/s1600/relative+clauses+3-5.jpeg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-Nrea3KpVqBU/UGPa6kb0DxI/AAAAAAAABjg/YKTYHBKzsnM/s1600/relative+clauses+3-5.jpeg" /></a></div>
<span style="font-size: medium;"> </span><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span><br />
<blockquote style="background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); margin: 2px; padding: 5px;">
<div style="padding: 0px;">
<span font="" style="background-color: #ffffb7; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 15px;"><span style="border: 2px solid;"> Example </span></span><br />
<br />
・There will be a ceremony in April <strong>in which</strong> I have to attend.<br />
・We may be approaching the end of the era<strong> in which </strong>we rely on oil and nuclear energy.<br />
・A tragic day in on March 11, 2011 <strong>in which</strong> a magnitude 9.0 earthquake struck off the coast of Japan.</div>
</blockquote>
<br />
<br />
<br />
<span font="" style="background-color: #c8ffc8; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 30px;"><span style="border: 2px solid;"> At which </span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial;"><span style="font-size: 30px;"><br /></span></span>
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj2kZGd6D2FgOow2IPcVO5AaDOKH8_EkIJ1U4pR5oOOV-6jz5-0wiNdp7InW_1NCekN8knl4vV06CFvons0cjriDJMLi8vz3GUIw9-z_JK4TnBcfx_pDAwooJ8kOMBBioqFn37cDL0fLls/s1600/relative+clauses+3-6.jpeg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj2kZGd6D2FgOow2IPcVO5AaDOKH8_EkIJ1U4pR5oOOV-6jz5-0wiNdp7InW_1NCekN8knl4vV06CFvons0cjriDJMLi8vz3GUIw9-z_JK4TnBcfx_pDAwooJ8kOMBBioqFn37cDL0fLls/s1600/relative+clauses+3-6.jpeg" /></a></div>
<br />
<br />
<br />
<blockquote style="background-color: white; border: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); font-size: large; margin: 2px; padding: 5px;">
<div style="padding: 0px;">
<span font="" style="background-color: #ffffb7; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 15px;"><span style="border: 2px solid;"> Example </span></span><br />
<br />
・He needed to get out of there until 10 am, <strong>at which (time) </strong>they came to there.<br />
・This is the time <strong>at which</strong> the sun is the highest in the sky.<br />
・ Leave them for 5 minutes, <strong>at which (time)</strong> they can be separated from each other.</div>
</blockquote>
<br />
<br />
<br />
<span font="" style="background-color: #c8ffc8; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 30px;"><span style="border: 2px solid;"> On which </span></span><br />
<br />
<a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-o0ijkYSGqkI/UGPa8z_5ruI/AAAAAAAABjw/2vJLBRAMFRE/s1600/relative+clauses+3-7.jpeg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em; text-align: center;"><img border="0" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-o0ijkYSGqkI/UGPa8z_5ruI/AAAAAAAABjw/2vJLBRAMFRE/s1600/relative+clauses+3-7.jpeg" /></a><span style="font-size: medium;"> </span><br />
<br />
<br />
<blockquote style="background-color: white; border: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); font-size: large; margin: 2px; padding: 5px;">
<div style="padding: 0px;">
<span font="" style="background-color: #ffffb7; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 15px;"><span style="border: 2px solid;"> Example </span></span><br />
<br />
・The day <strong>on which</strong> I was born was Christmas day.<br />
・he could scarcely remember any Sunday<strong> on which</strong> the church had been so crowded.<br />
・This is the eve <strong>on which</strong> gifts are exchanged among friends, family and loved ones.</div>
</blockquote>
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<span font="" style="background-color: #c8ffc8; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 30px;"><span style="border: 2px solid;"> By which </span></span><br />
<br />
<a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-j7bQdSHGHo8/UGPa_iaoiuI/AAAAAAAABj4/AZYyfvfnqNU/s1600/relative+clauses+3-8.jpeg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em; text-align: center;"><img border="0" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-j7bQdSHGHo8/UGPa_iaoiuI/AAAAAAAABj4/AZYyfvfnqNU/s1600/relative+clauses+3-8.jpeg" /></a><span style="font-size: medium;"> </span><br />
<br />
<br />
<strong style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-size: large;">SET PHRASE</span></strong><br />
<br />
<a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-Aj7AkcMgh84/UGPbBigbygI/AAAAAAAABkA/H8oxMlpE1i4/s1600/relative+clauses+3-9.jpeg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em; text-align: center;"><img border="0" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-Aj7AkcMgh84/UGPbBigbygI/AAAAAAAABkA/H8oxMlpE1i4/s1600/relative+clauses+3-9.jpeg" /></a><span style="font-size: medium;"> </span><br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<hr size="1" style="color: #555555; font-size: large;" />
<span font="" style="background-color: #ccff66; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 50px;"><span style="border: 2px solid;"> why </span></span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: medium;">The relative adverb "</span><strong style="font-size: large;">why</strong><span style="font-size: medium;">" is used to modify a noun phrase with "</span><strong style="font-size: large;">the reason</strong><span style="font-size: medium;">" or "</span><strong style="font-size: large;">a reason</strong><span style="font-size: medium;">".</span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: medium;">Sometimes the relative adverb "</span><strong style="font-size: large;">why</strong><span style="font-size: medium;">" is left out of these clauses, and the writer substitutes "</span><strong style="font-size: large;">that</strong><span style="font-size: medium;">" instead.</span><br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<blockquote style="background-color: white; border: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); font-size: large; margin: 2px; padding: 5px;">
<div style="padding: 0px;">
<span font="" style="background-color: #ffffb7; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 15px;"><span style="border: 2px solid;"> Example </span></span><br />
<br />
・<strong>The reason <span style="color: blue;">why</span></strong> they got rid of it is that they don't need one.<br />
・<strong>The reason <span style="color: blue;">that</span></strong> they got rid of it is that they don't need one.<br />
・<strong>The reason <span style="color: blue;">Ø</span></strong> they got rid of it is that they don't need one.</div>
</blockquote>
<br />
<br />
<br />
<span font="" style="background-color: #ccff66; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 30px;"><span style="border: 2px solid;"> reason / cause for which </span></span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: medium;">"</span><strong style="font-size: large;">why</strong><span style="font-size: medium;">" usually replaces "</span><strong style="font-size: large;">the/a reason for which</strong><span style="font-size: medium;">"</span><br />
<br />
<blockquote style="background-color: white; border: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); font-size: large; margin: 2px; padding: 5px;">
<div style="padding: 0px;">
<span font="" style="background-color: #ffffb7; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 15px;"><span style="border: 2px solid;"> Example </span></span><br />
<br />
・That is <strong>the reason <span style="color: blue;">for which</span></strong> we were made.<br />
・That is <strong>the reason <span style="color: blue;">that (why)</span></strong> we were made.<br />
・That is<strong> the reason</strong> we were made.<br />
・That is (the reason) <span style="color: blue;">why</span> we were made.<br />
<br />
・Temperatures in parts of Antarctica have risen higher than the global average, <strong>the reason<span style="color: blue;"> for which</span></strong> is unclear.<br />
・Temperatures in parts of Antarctica have risen higher than the global average,<strong> the reason <span style="color: blue;">why</span></strong> is unclear.<br />
<br />
・It is <strong>the main reason <span style="color: blue;">for which</span></strong> I have decided to buy the house.<br />
・It is <strong>the main reason <span style="color: blue;">why</span></strong> I have decided to by the house.</div>
</blockquote>
<br />
<br />
<br />
<span font="" style="background-color: #ccff66; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 30px;"><span style="border: 2px solid;"> because of which (whom) </span></span><br />
<br />
<blockquote style="background-color: white; border: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); font-size: large; margin: 2px; padding: 5px;">
<div style="padding: 0px;">
<span font="" style="background-color: #ffffb7; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 15px;"><span style="border: 2px solid;"> Example </span></span><br />
<br />
・Those are<strong> the reasons why</strong> I can't go with you.<br />
・Those are <strong>the reasons because of which</strong> I can't go with you.<br />
<br />
・I regret reading that horror novel, <strong>because of which</strong> I hardly slept last night.<br />
・I regret readin that horror novel, <strong>which is (the reason) why</strong> I hardly slept last night.<br />
<br />
・He had a position of royalty<strong> because of whom</strong> he represented.<br />
・Are those people hired <strong>because of whom</strong> they know?<br />
・she becomes a political refugee <strong>because of whom</strong> she associates with.</div>
</blockquote>
<br />
<br />
<br />
<span font="" style="background-color: #ccff66; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 30px;"><span style="border: 2px solid;"> on account of which (whom) </span></span><br />
<br />
<blockquote style="background-color: white; border: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); font-size: large; margin: 2px; padding: 5px;">
<div style="padding: 0px;">
<span font="" style="background-color: #ffffb7; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 15px;"><span style="border: 2px solid;"> Example </span></span><br />
<br />
・Allowances are calculated only in respect of the time during which the employee worked in the conditions <strong>on account of which</strong> he is entitled to an allowance.<br />
<br />
・ I opted for an cable modem <strong>on account of which </strong>I am no longer required to dial up to access the net.<br />
<br />
・The Christian philosophy, which has drawn deeply from the Greek philosophy added on it the concept of “primeval sin” committed by Adam <strong>on account of which</strong> he was expelled from paradise.<br />
<br />
・The immediate cause of this was a very severe cough, <strong>on account of which</strong> I examined her for the first time. It was a typical tussis nervosa.<br />
<br />
・These are stars which have consumed about 10 per cent of their hydrogen <strong>on account of which</strong> they appear reddish.<br />
<br />
・He was like a dictator in the family, and dominated his wife and children in the family,<strong>on account of which</strong> there was resentment in his family members.<br />
<br />
・ So he came to the men of Succoth and said, Here are Zebah and Zalmunna, <strong>on account of whom</strong> you made sport of me, saying, Are the hands of Zebah and Zalmunna even now in your hand, that we are to give bread to your army who are overcome with weariness? (Judges 8:15. the Bible In Basic English)</div>
</blockquote>
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<span font="" style="background-color: #ccff66; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 30px;"><span style="border: 2px solid;"> thanks to which (whom) </span></span><br />
<br />
<blockquote style="background-color: white; border: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); font-size: large; margin: 2px; padding: 5px;">
<div style="padding: 0px;">
<span font="" style="background-color: #ffffb7; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 15px;"><span style="border: 2px solid;"> Example </span></span><br />
<br />
・The Daily Mail City team explains the issues surrounding the technology <strong>thanks to which</strong> carbon dioxide can be removed from the burning process of fossil fuels.<br />
<br />
・imm sound has created a revolutionary immersive 3D sound system, which offers the cinema industry an authentic third sound dimension, <strong>thanks to which</strong>, viewers are submerged into a completely immersive experience.<br />
<br />
・Event organizer can as well benefit from payment gate on BusinessVibes<strong> thanks to which</strong> they can collect registration fees from visitors and exhibitors.<br />
<br />
・People that once took care of her,<strong> thanks to whom</strong> she had recovered completely from the terrible accident.<br />
<br />
・They are staying with poor families, <strong>thanks to whom</strong> they have so far been dissuaded from moving further afield.</div>
</blockquote>
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<span font="" style="background-color: #ccff66; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 30px;"><span style="border: 2px solid;"> due to which (whom) </span></span><br />
<br />
<blockquote style="background-color: white; border: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); font-size: large; margin: 2px; padding: 5px;">
<div style="padding: 0px;">
<span font="" style="background-color: #ffffb7; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 15px;"><span style="border: 2px solid;"> Example </span></span><br />
<br />
・Members of the Svoboda All-Ukrainian Union think that the European Union does not see Ukraine as its member, as of today, and is facing various problems, <strong>due to which</strong>Europeans are revising some of their values.<br />
<br />
・He said that Kalabagh Dam and Iran Pakistan gas pipeline projects were politicised<strong>due to which</strong> country was facing an energy crisis.<br />
<br />
・The owners of hand driven carts have extended their business and occupied half of the road passing through this market <strong>due to which</strong> traffic jams have become daily routine.<br />
<br />
・We would also like to thank our audiences <strong>due to whom</strong> this rare achievement has been made possible.<br />
<br />
・The main gates opened to the public on Wednesday morning, but <strong>due to whom</strong> I was camping with, the girls and I arrived on Tuesday.</div>
</blockquote>
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<hr size="1" style="color: #555555; font-size: large;" />
<span font="" style="background-color: #ccaaee; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 50px;"><span style="border: 2px solid;"> How </span></span><br />
<br />
<blockquote style="background-color: white; border: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); font-size: large; margin: 2px; padding: 5px;">
<div style="padding: 0px;">
<strong><span style="font-size: large;">how</span></strong><br />
<br />
[relative adverb] <strong>the way in which</strong>; <strong>however</strong>: <strong>in any way in which</strong></div>
</blockquote>
<br />
<br />
<br />
<blockquote style="background-color: white; border: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); font-size: large; margin: 2px; padding: 5px;">
<div style="padding: 0px;">
<span font="" style="background-color: #ffffb7; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 15px;"><span style="border: 2px solid;"> Example </span></span><br />
<br />
・She told us<strong> how</strong> she had lived out of a suitcase for a week.<br />
・I'll do business <strong>how</strong> I like.<br />
・Do you know <strong>how</strong> I can get to her?<br />
・When are you going to teach me <strong>how</strong> to use that thing?</div>
</blockquote>
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<span font="" style="background-color: #ccaaee; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 30px;"><span style="border: 2px solid;"> the way in which </span></span><br />
<br />
<blockquote style="background-color: white; border: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); font-size: large; margin: 2px; padding: 5px;">
<div style="padding: 0px;">
<span font="" style="background-color: #ffffb7; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 15px;"><span style="border: 2px solid;"> Example </span></span><br />
<br />
・I liked <strong>the way in which</strong> she expressed herself.<br />
・I liked<strong> the way how</strong> she expressed herself.<br />
・I liked<strong> how</strong> she expressed herself.<br />
<br />
・The Government looks set to report a big rise in the currently disappointing figures on sport participation by changing <strong>the way in which</strong> it calculates them.<br />
<br />
・There are a huge variety of teas, however, generally classified by the size of the leaves and <strong>the way in which </strong>they're treated.<br />
<br />
・The Guardian has a serious journalistic purpose in seeking access to the documents. It wants to be able to refer to them for the purpose of stimulating informed debate about<strong>the way in which</strong> the justice system deals with suspected international corruption and the system for extradition of British subjects to the USA.</div>
</blockquote>
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<hr size="1" style="color: #555555; font-size: large;" />
<span font="" style="background-color: #ddcc77; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 50px;"><span style="border: 2px solid;"> whereby </span></span><br />
<br />
<blockquote style="background-color: white; border: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); font-size: large; margin: 2px; padding: 5px;">
<div style="padding: 0px;">
<strong><span style="font-size: large;">WHEREBY</span></strong>:<br />
<br />
1. (interrogative, <span style="color: red;">obsolete</span>) By what, in which direction; how<br />
2.<span style="color: blue;"> By means of which; By which, Through which</span>.<br />
3. (nonstandard) Where.</div>
</blockquote>
<br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: medium;">We can begin relative and other clauses with "</span><strong style="font-size: large;">whereby</strong><span style="font-size: medium;">" referring to </span><strong style="font-size: large;">method</strong><span style="font-size: medium;"> or </span><strong style="font-size: large;">means</strong><span style="font-size: medium;">; used mainly in formal contexts. </span><br />
<br />
<br />
<blockquote style="background-color: white; border: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); font-size: large; margin: 2px; padding: 5px;">
<div style="padding: 0px;">
<span font="" style="background-color: #ffffb7; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 15px;"><span style="border: 2px solid;"> Example </span></span><br />
<br />
・We need to devise some sort of system whereby you can spread the cost over a period.<br />
・They created a program whereby single parents could receive greater financial aid.<br />
・The process whereby perceived qualities of an object are related to past experience.</div>
</blockquote>
<br />
<br />
<blockquote style="background-color: white; border: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); font-size: large; margin: 2px; padding: 5px;">
<div style="padding: 0px;">
<span style="color: red;">NOTE</span>:<br />
Use of "<strong>whereby</strong>" as a formal equivalent of "<strong>where</strong>" is nonstandard and is avoided by careful speakers and writers, who use where or in which instead. The term typically fails readability and comprehension review so it is generally avoided in published works. The term is also avoided by speakers as it makes it difficult to understand the message that is trying to be communicated.<br />
<br />
-<strong>wiktionary</strong>-</div>
</blockquote>
<br />
<br />
<br />
<span font="" style="background-color: #ddcc77; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 30px;"><span style="border: 2px solid;"> by which (whom) </span></span><br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: medium;">In some cases, "</span><strong style="font-size: large;">whereby</strong><span style="font-size: medium;">" can be replaced by "</span><strong style="font-size: large;">by which (whom)</strong><span style="font-size: medium;">" </span><br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<blockquote style="background-color: white; border: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); font-size: large; margin: 2px; padding: 5px;">
<div style="padding: 0px;">
<span style="font-size: large;"><strong>SET PHRASES</strong></span><br />
<br />
<strong>・by which means<br />・by which way<br />・by which method</strong>, etc…</div>
</blockquote>
<br />
<br />
<blockquote style="background-color: white; border: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); font-size: large; margin: 2px; padding: 5px;">
<div style="padding: 0px;">
<span font="" style="background-color: #ffffb7; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 15px;"><span style="border: 2px solid;"> Example </span></span><br />
<br />
・We need to devise some sort of system <strong>by which</strong> you can spread the cost over a period.<br />
・They created a program <strong>by which</strong> single parents could receive greater financial aid.<br />
・The process <strong>by which</strong> perceived qualities of an object are related to past experience.<br />
<br />
<br />
・<strong>By whom</strong> was this book written?<br />
・He has failed<strong> by whom</strong> he didn't know.<br />
・I was given good advice long ago, <strong>by whom</strong>, I don't remember.<br />
<br /></div>
</blockquote>
<br />
<hr color="#B21515" size="2" style="color: #555555; font-size: large;" />
<br />Anonymousnoreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8137807130381503687.post-39073218135392976672012-09-27T13:45:00.004+09:002012-09-27T13:45:42.892+09:00Relative Clauses 2<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-BbHpAV4J_I0/UGPZsacLd5I/AAAAAAAABiw/7cuiiekPuqo/s1600/relative+clause+1.jpeg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-BbHpAV4J_I0/UGPZsacLd5I/AAAAAAAABiw/7cuiiekPuqo/s1600/relative+clause+1.jpeg" /></a></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;">
<br /><br /><br /><strong><span style="font-size: large;">Relative Clauses 2</span></strong></div>
<br />
<a name='more'></a><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><span font="" style="background-color: #ffecec; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 40px;"><span style="border: 2px solid;"> Prepositions in Relative Clauses </span></span><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><span font="" style="background-color: #fffdd7; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 30px;"><span style="border: 2px solid;"> Formal Style </span></span><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><span style="font-size: medium;"> In formal, mainly written English, a <strong>relative pronoun</strong> often appears as<u> the object of a preposition</u> at the beginning of a relative clause.</span><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><span style="font-size: medium;"> In this case the relative pronoun will be "<strong>whom</strong>", "<strong>whose</strong>", or "<strong>which</strong>",<u> <span style="color: red;">never</span> "<strong>that</strong>"</u>.<br /><br /> Since this usage is formal and since the objective case form "<strong>whom</strong>" formally serves as<u> the object of a preposition</u>, it would be unusual to use "<strong>who</strong>". </span><span style="background-color: #fbfefe; font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;"></span><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><blockquote style="background-color: white; border: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px; margin: 2px; padding: 5px;">
<div style="padding: 0px;">
<span font="" style="background-color: #ffffb7; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 15px;"><span style="border: 2px solid;"> Example </span></span><br /><br /><br /><strong>Object (Human) of a preposition</strong><br /><span style="font-size: medium;">・I met the man <span style="color: blue;">to whom</span> I gave the ticket. (<i>very formal</i>)<br />・I met the man <span style="color: blue;">who</span> I gave the ticket <span style="color: blue;">to</span>. (<i>less formal</i>) (In this case, "<strong>to who</strong>" is unusual)<br />・I met the man <span style="color: blue;">that</span> I gave the ticket <span style="color: blue;">to</span>. (<i>informal, spoken English</i>)<br />・I met the man <span style="color: blue;">Ø</span> I gave the ticket <span style="color: blue;">to</span>. (<i>in formal, spoken English</i>) </span><br /><br /><br /><strong>Object (Nonhuman) of a preposition</strong><br /><span style="font-size: medium;">・This is the book <span style="color: blue;">about which</span> I told you. (<i>very formal</i>)<br />・This is the book <span style="color: blue;">which</span> I told you <span style="color: blue;">about</span>. (<i>less formal</i>)<br />・This is the book <span style="color: blue;">Ø</span> I told you <span style="color: blue;">about</span>. (<i>informal, spoken English</i>)</span><br /><br /><br /><strong>Possessive </strong><br /> <span style="font-size: medium;">・She has a friend <span style="color: blue;">on whose</span> judgment she can rely. (<i>very formal</i>)<br />・She has a friend <span style="color: blue;">whose</span> judgement she can rely <span style="color: blue;">on</span>. (<i>less formal</i>)</span></div>
</blockquote>
<br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><span font="" style="background-color: #fffdd7; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 30px;"><span style="border: 2px solid;"> Infinitive with preposition </span></span><span style="background-color: #fbfefe; font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;"> </span><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><span style="font-size: medium;">A noun can be followed by <strong>infinitive + preposition</strong>. </span><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><blockquote style="background-color: white; border: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px; margin: 2px; padding: 5px;">
<div style="padding: 0px;">
<span font="" style="background-color: #ffffb7; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 15px;"><span style="border: 2px solid;"> Example </span></span><br /><br /><span style="font-size: medium;">・The children had a lot of toys <strong>to</strong> play <strong>with</strong>.<br />・Joey needs a colleague <strong>to</strong> work <strong>with</strong>.<br />・He is looking for a place <strong>to</strong> live <strong>in</strong>.<br />・You have a lot of <strong>problems</strong> to deal <strong>with</strong>.</span></div>
</blockquote>
<br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><span style="font-size: medium;">For a vey formal style you can move the preposition at the end of the infinitive clause so it's before the infinitive, but then you have to add <strong>which</strong> or <strong>whom</strong>.</span><span style="background-color: #fbfefe; font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;"> </span><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><strong style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Structure</span></strong><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><span style="font-size: medium;"><strong>NOUN</strong> + <span style="color: blue;">PREPOSITION</span> + <span style="color: blue;">WHOM/WHICH</span> + <strong>INFINITIVE</strong> </span><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><blockquote style="background-color: white; border: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px; margin: 2px; padding: 5px;">
<div style="padding: 0px;">
<span font="" style="background-color: #ffffb7; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 15px;"><span style="border: 2px solid;"> Example </span></span><br /><br /><span style="font-size: medium;">・The children had a lot of toys <span style="color: blue;">with which</span> to play.<br />・Joey needs a colleague <span style="color: blue;">with whom</span> to work.<br />・He is looking for a place <span style="color: blue;">in which</span> to live.<br />・You have a lot of problems <span style="color: blue;">with which</span> to deal.</span></div>
</blockquote>
<br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><blockquote style="background-color: white; border: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px; margin: 2px; padding: 5px;">
<div style="padding: 0px;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="color: red;">NOTE</span>:</span><br /><br /><span style="font-size: medium;">This is not possible <span style="color: red;">when there is no preposition</span> and <span style="color: red;">the preposition remains at the end</span> </span><br /><br /><span font="" style="background-color: #ffffb7; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 15px;"><span style="border: 2px solid;"> Example </span></span><br /><br /><span style="font-size: medium;">・They had a million things to do.<br />・<s>They had a million things which to do.</s><br /><br />・I had another set of clothes<strong> to change into</strong>.<br />・I had another set of clothes <strong>into which to change</strong>.<br />・<s>I had another set of clothes which to change into.</s></span></div>
</blockquote>
<br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><span style="font-size: medium;">※ For ordinary conversation, put the preposition at the end of the infinitive clause and don't use <strong>which</strong>.</span><span style="background-color: #fbfefe; font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;"> </span><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><span font="" style="background-color: #fffdd7; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 43px;"><span style="border: 2px solid;"> whose, of which, of whom </span></span><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><span font="" style="background-color: #c6ffa4; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 30px;"><span style="border: 2px solid;"> whose </span></span><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><blockquote style="background-color: white; border: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px; margin: 2px; padding: 5px;">
<div style="padding: 0px;">
<strong><span style="font-size: large;">whose</span></strong><br /><br /><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="color: #00cc00;">a</span>. <span style="color: blue;">Of whom</span>, belonging to whom; <u>used as an interrogative pronoun</u>.</span><br /><br /><span font="" style="background-color: #ffffb7; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 15px;"><span style="border: 2px solid;"> Example </span></span><br /><br /><span style="font-size: medium;">・<strong>Whose room</strong> is this?</span><br /><br /><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="color: #00cc00;">b</span>. <span style="color: blue;">Of whom</span>, belonging to whom; <u>used as a relative pronoun</u>.</span><br /><br /><span font="" style="background-color: #ffffb7; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 15px;"><span style="border: 2px solid;"> Example </span></span><br /><br /><span style="font-size: medium;">・This is the man <strong>whose dog</strong> caused the accident. (=This man's dog caused the accident.)</span><br /><br /><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="color: #00cc00;">c</span>. (<strong>formerly proscribed</strong>) <span style="color: blue;">Of which</span>, belonging to which; used as a relative pronoun</span><br /><br /><span font="" style="background-color: #ffffb7; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 15px;"><span style="border: 2px solid;"> Example </span></span><br /><br /><span style="font-size: medium;">・We saw several houses <strong>whose roofs</strong> are falling off. (=The roofs are falling off several houses we saw.)</span><br /><br /><br />-<strong>wiktionary</strong>-</div>
</blockquote>
<br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><span style="background-color: #fbfefe; font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;"> </span><span style="font-size: medium;"> A relative clause beginning with the relative pronoun "<span style="color: blue;"><strong>whose + noun</strong></span>" is used <u>in written English</u> when it is talked about <strong>something belonging to</strong> or <strong>associated with a person, animal</strong>or <strong>plant</strong>. </span><span style="background-color: #fbfefe; font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;"></span><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><blockquote style="background-color: white; border: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px; margin: 2px; padding: 5px;">
<div style="padding: 0px;">
<span font="" style="background-color: #ffffb7; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 15px;"><span style="border: 2px solid;"> Example </span></span><br /><br /><span style="font-size: medium;">・He's<strong> a man whose opinion</strong> I respect.<br />・I know <strong>a girl whose mother</strong> is a pianist.<br />・<strong>A group whose aim</strong> is to fund a political party called political funding group.<br />・<strong>An unidentified soldier whose body</strong> is honored as a memorial.<br />・He had <strong>two elder sisters whose mother </strong>was the first wife of his father.<br />・<strong>An ancient tree whose curling roots</strong> snake deep into the ground.<br />・<strong>A flower whose name</strong> I do not know.<br />・<strong>An Elephant whose best Friend</strong> is a Dog.<br />・She is <strong>the giant panda whose name</strong> means "peace".</span></div>
</blockquote>
<br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><span style="font-size: medium;">Generally, we avoid using "<strong>whose</strong>" to talk about something belonging to or associated with a<strong>thing</strong>.<br /><br />However, we sometimes use "<strong>whose</strong>" when we talk about towns, countries, or organisations. </span><span style="background-color: #fbfefe; font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;"></span><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><blockquote style="background-color: white; border: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px; margin: 2px; padding: 5px;">
<div style="padding: 0px;">
<span font="" style="background-color: #ffffb7; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 15px;"><span style="border: 2px solid;"> Example </span></span><br /><br /><span style="font-size: medium;">・Thailand has <strong>a town whose name</strong> has 163 letters.<br />・Cult, a pejorative term for<strong> a group whose beliefs or practices</strong> are considered abnormal or bizarre.<br />・List of <strong>countries whose capital</strong> is not their largest city.</span></div>
</blockquote>
<br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><span style="font-size: medium;">In academic writing "<strong>whose</strong>" is used to talk about a wide variety of "<strong>belonging to</strong>" relationships. </span><span style="background-color: #fbfefe; font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;"></span><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><blockquote style="background-color: white; border: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px; margin: 2px; padding: 5px;">
<div style="padding: 0px;">
<span font="" style="background-color: #ffffb7; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 15px;"><span style="border: 2px solid;"> Example </span></span><br /><br /><span style="font-size: medium;">・A metatheory is <strong>a theory whose subject matter</strong> is some other theory. In other words it is a theory about a theory.<br /><br />・Circulatory system , <strong>a biological organ system whose primary function</strong> is to move substances to and from cells.</span></div>
</blockquote>
<br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><span style="font-size: medium;">In formal, mainly written English,<u> "<strong>whose</strong>" can come after a preposition in a relative clause.</u><br /><br />However, it is more natural to put the preposition <u>at the end of the clause</u> in <strong>less formal contexts</strong> and in <strong>spoken English</strong>.<br /></span><span style="background-color: #fbfefe; font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;"></span><blockquote style="background-color: white; border: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px; margin: 2px; padding: 5px;">
<div style="padding: 0px;">
<span font="" style="background-color: #ffffb7; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 15px;"><span style="border: 2px solid;"> Example </span></span><br /><br /><span style="font-size: medium;">・Probability is ordinarily used to describe an attitude of mind towards some proposition <strong><span style="color: blue;">of whose</span> truth</strong> we are not certain. (<i><span style="color: blue;">formal</span></i>)<br /><br />・Probability is ordinarily used to describe an attitude of mind towards some proposition<strong><span style="color: blue;">whose</span> truth</strong> we are not certain <span style="color: blue;">of</span>. (<i><span style="color: blue;">less formal</span></i>)<br /><br /><br />・the primeval giant slain by Odin and his brothers and <span style="color: blue;">from whose</span> body they created the world: the sea from his blood; the earth from his flesh; the mountains from his bones; the sky from his skull.<br /><br />・the primeval giant slain by Odin and his brothers and <span style="color: blue;">whose</span> body they created the world<span style="color: blue;">from</span> : the sea from his blood; the earth from his flesh; the mountains from his bones; the sky from his skull.</span></div>
</blockquote>
<br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><span font="" style="background-color: #c6ffa4; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 30px;"><span style="border: 2px solid;"> of which, of whom </span></span><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><span style="font-size: medium;"> In formal styles "<span style="color: blue;">noun + of which</span>" and "<span style="color: blue;">noun + of whom</span>" is often preferred to "<span style="color: #0033cc;">whose + noun</span>" when we talk about a person, animal, plant, concept and thing.</span><span style="background-color: #fbfefe; font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;"> </span><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><blockquote style="background-color: white; border: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px; margin: 2px; padding: 5px;">
<div style="padding: 0px;">
<span font="" style="background-color: #ffffb7; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 15px;"><span style="border: 2px solid;"> Example </span></span><br /><br /><span style="font-size: medium;">・The Assembly is made up of 70 Members, <strong>of whom</strong> 62 are directly elected in 21 constituencies.<br /><br />・The institution is governed by a council of twenty-four,<strong> six of whom</strong> are chosen annually.<br /><br />・The city has a population of two million, <strong>30 percent of which</strong> is Hindu .<br /><br />・apan demands the return of the four southernmost islands of Kunashiri, Shikotan, Etorofu and the Habomai group, <strong>the closest of which</strong> is less than 20km off Hokkaido's coast.</span></div>
</blockquote>
<br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><blockquote style="background-color: white; border: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px; margin: 2px; padding: 5px;">
<div style="padding: 0px;">
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: red;">NOTE</span>:</span><br /><br /><span style="font-size: medium;">We can use "<strong>of which</strong>", "<strong>of whom</strong>" and "<strong>of whose</strong>", <u>but <span style="color: red;">not</span> usually "<strong>which (whom)</strong>" or "<strong>whose</strong>", after :</u><br /><br /><span style="color: #0000cc;">・all<br />・both<br />・each<br />・many<br />・most<br />・neither<br />・none<br />・part<br />・some<br />・half</span>・<span style="color: #0000cc;">a number</span> (1, 2, 3, 4, 5, etc. ) (the first, the second, the third, etc.)<br />・<span style="color: #0000cc;">superlatives</span> (the best, the worst, the highest, the closest, the deepest, the most valuable, etc.)</span><br /><br /><br /><span font="" style="background-color: #ffffb7; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 15px;"><span style="border: 2px solid;"> Example </span></span><br /><br /><span style="font-size: medium;">・Each year the high school produces graduates, <strong>most of whom</strong> are admitted into universities around China, as well as in foreign countries.<br />(NOT ~, most whom~, ~, most which~ )<br /><br /><br />・There were more than two hundred castle towns, <strong>half of whose</strong> population were samurai.<br />(NOT ~, half whose~)</span></div>
</blockquote>
<br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-QG4z5UdRe_U/UGPZtlr3LZI/AAAAAAAABi4/QlG5x4srVV4/s1600/relative+clause2.jpeg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em; text-align: center;"><img border="0" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-QG4z5UdRe_U/UGPZtlr3LZI/AAAAAAAABi4/QlG5x4srVV4/s1600/relative+clause2.jpeg" /></a><br /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><span font="" style="background-color: #fffdd7; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 30px;"><span style="border: 2px solid;"> Phrasal verbs in Relative Clauses </span></span><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><span style="font-size: medium;">Go over → <a href="http://akarusan.blog101.fc2.com/blog-entry-90.html" style="color: royalblue; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank" title="Phrasal Verbs">Phrasal Verbs</a> </span><span style="background-color: #fbfefe; font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;"></span><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><span style="font-size: large;"> A <strong>phrasal verb</strong> is a combination of a <strong>verb</strong>, a <strong>preposition</strong> and an<strong>adverbial particle</strong>.</span><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><span style="font-size: medium;">There are three patterns:<br /><br />1. a <strong>verb</strong> and a <strong>preposition</strong><br />2. a <strong>verb</strong> and an <strong>adverbial</strong> <strong>particles</strong><br />3. a <strong>verb</strong> and <strong>both</strong> an <strong>adverbial participle</strong> and a <strong>preposition</strong> </span><span style="background-color: #fbfefe; font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;"></span><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><blockquote style="background-color: white; border: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px; margin: 2px; padding: 5px;">
<div style="padding: 0px;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><strong>Adverbial Particle</strong></span><br /><br /><span style="font-size: medium;"> An <strong>adverbial particle</strong> is <u>a part of the verb</u> and depends on it modifying its meaning as a basic verb. In both prepositional or phrasal verbs, the preposition or adverbial particle extend the meaning of the basic verb to create a new meaning.<br /><br /><span font="" style="background-color: #ffffb7; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 15px;"><span style="border: 2px solid;"> Example </span></span><br /><br /><strong>above, about, in, out, up, down, before, across, off, on, below, behind etc.</strong><br /><br /><br />・The bomb went <strong>off </strong>suddenly. ( <strong>Adverbial</strong> )<br />(The bomb exploded suddenly.)<br /><br />・The man went <strong>off</strong> the stage. ( <strong>Prepositional</strong> )<br />(The man left the stage.)</span></div>
</blockquote>
<br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><span style="background-color: #fbfefe; font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;"> </span><span style="font-size: medium;">If the phrasal verb in the relative clauses consists of <strong>two words</strong><br />(<span style="color: blue;">a verb + an adverbial particle</span>, such as<strong> fill up, go off, point out, pull off…</strong>) ,<br /><br /><strong>the adverbial particle is usually <span style="color: red;">not</span> put before the relative pronoun</strong> (whom, which).</span><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><blockquote style="background-color: white; border: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px; margin: 2px; padding: 5px;">
<div style="padding: 0px;">
<span font="" style="background-color: #ffffb7; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 15px;"><span style="border: 2px solid;"> Example </span></span><br /><br /><strong>a verb + an adverbial particle</strong><br /><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="color: blue;">OK</span>・I had forgotten the name <strong>which</strong> was later<strong> found out</strong> is tempura.<br /><span style="color: red;">NOT</span>・I had forgotten the mame <strong><s>out</s> which</strong> was later <strong>found</strong> is tempura.</span><br /><br /><strong>a verb + a preposition</strong><br /><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="color: blue;">OK</span>・These are matters <strong>which</strong> I have to <strong>deal with</strong>.<br /><span style="color: blue;">OK</span>・These are matters <strong>with which</strong> I have to <strong>deal</strong>.</span></div>
</blockquote>
<br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><span style="font-size: medium;"> If the phrasal verb in the relative clause consists of <strong>three words</strong>,<br />[<span style="color: blue;">a verb + an adverbial particle + a preposition</span> such as<strong> look up to, look forward to, go on with… </strong>]</span><span style="background-color: #fbfefe; font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;"> </span><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><span style="font-size: medium;">the preposition is <strong>rarely</strong> put before the relative pronoun in a <strong>very formal</strong> or <strong>literary style</strong>. </span><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><span style="font-size: medium;">※Many people avoid this pattern.</span><span style="background-color: #fbfefe; font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;"> </span><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><blockquote style="background-color: white; border: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px; margin: 2px; padding: 5px;">
<div style="padding: 0px;">
<span font="" style="background-color: #ffffb7; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 15px;"><span style="border: 2px solid;"> Example </span></span><br /><br /><span style="font-size: medium;"><i>less formal</i>・My brother <strong>who (whom) I look up to</strong> passed away yesterday.<br /><i>very formal</i>・My brother<strong> to whom I look up</strong> passed away yesterday.</span></div>
</blockquote>
<br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" />Anonymousnoreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8137807130381503687.post-65195622919080174862012-09-27T13:34:00.001+09:002012-09-27T13:34:38.015+09:00Conjunctions 3<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-GrPxKj1mgDY/UGPXOlqNDyI/AAAAAAAABio/3FKl6Q9mhCU/s1600/conjunctjions+4.jpeg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-GrPxKj1mgDY/UGPXOlqNDyI/AAAAAAAABio/3FKl6Q9mhCU/s1600/conjunctjions+4.jpeg" /></a></div>
<div align="center" style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;">
<br /><br /><br /><strong><span style="font-size: large;">Correlative conjunctions</span></strong></div>
<br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><a name='more'></a><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><span font="" style="background-color: #ffecec; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 30px;"><span style="border: 2px solid;"> Correlative Conjunctions </span></span><span style="background-color: #fbfefe; font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;"> </span><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><span style="font-size: large;"><strong>What are correlative conjunctions?</strong></span><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><span style="background-color: #fbfefe; font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;"> </span><span style="font-size: medium;">Some conjunctions combine with other words to form what are called <strong>correlative conjunctions</strong>. They always travel in <strong>pairs</strong>, joining various sentence elements that <u>should be treated as grammatically <strong>equal</strong></u>.</span><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><blockquote style="background-color: white; border: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px; margin: 2px; padding: 5px;">
<div style="padding: 0px;">
<span font="" style="background-color: #ffffb7; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 15px;"><span style="border: 2px solid;"> Example </span></span><br /><br /><span style="font-size: large;"><strong>・both ... and<br />・either ... or<br />・neither ... nor<br />・hardly ... when<br />・if ... then<br />・no sooner ... than<br />・not only ... but also<br />・rather ... than<br />・scarcely ... when<br />・what with ... and<br />・whether ... or</strong></span></div>
</blockquote>
<br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><span style="font-size: medium;"> These conjunctions are used when there is a continuous flow of ideas. Therefore, when used in a sentence, correlative conjunctions are <strong>not separated</strong> by commas (a <u>comma will break the flow</u>).</span><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><blockquote style="background-color: white; border: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px; margin: 2px; padding: 5px;">
<div style="padding: 0px;">
<span font="" style="background-color: #ffffb7; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 15px;"><span style="border: 2px solid;"> Example </span></span><br /><br /><span style="font-size: medium;"><strong><span style="color: red;">Incorrect</span></strong>: The Tsunami caused damage <strong>not only</strong> to property, <strong>but also</strong> to life.</span><br /><br /><span style="font-size: medium;"><strong><span style="color: blue;">Correct</span></strong>: The Tsunami caused damage <strong>not only</strong> to property <strong>but also</strong> to life.</span></div>
</blockquote>
<br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><span style="font-size: medium;">When joining singular and plural subjects, the subject <strong>closest</strong> to the verb determines whether the verb is singular or plural.</span><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><hr size="1" style="color: #555555; font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" />
<span font="" style="background-color: #c6ffa4; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 30px;"><span style="border: 2px solid;"> both . . . and </span></span><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><span style="font-size: medium;">The same kind of words or expressions usually follow <strong>both</strong> and <strong>and</strong>.</span><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><blockquote style="background-color: white; border: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px; margin: 2px; padding: 5px;">
<div style="padding: 0px;">
<span font="" style="background-color: #ffffb7; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 15px;"><span style="border: 2px solid;"> Example </span></span><br /><br /><span style="font-size: medium;">・She is <strong>both</strong> beautiful <strong>and</strong> clever.<br /><br />・<strong>Both</strong> my grandfather <strong>and</strong> my father worked in the steel plant.<br /><br />・She <strong>both</strong> sings <strong>and</strong> dances.<br /><br />・<strong>Both</strong> my sister <strong>and</strong> my brother <u>play</u> the piano.</span></div>
</blockquote>
<br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><hr size="1" style="color: #555555; font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" />
<span font="" style="background-color: #c6ffa4; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 30px;"><span style="border: 2px solid;"> either ... or </span></span><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><span style="font-size: medium;"><strong>Either … or</strong> is used to talk about a choice between two <strong>alternatives</strong>.</span><span style="background-color: #fbfefe; font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;"> </span><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><span style="background-color: #fbfefe; font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;"> </span><span style="font-size: medium;">"<strong>Either</strong>" is also a singular adjective. It means one or the other, but <u><strong>not both</strong></u>. "<strong>Either</strong>" expresses one noun/pronoun doing one thing and the other noun/pronoun doing another; in this way it is a "<strong>positive</strong>" word because what is occurring is true. "<strong>Either</strong>" can be paired with "<strong>or</strong>", but <span style="color: red;">not </span>"<strong>nor</strong>".</span><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><blockquote style="background-color: white; border: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px; margin: 2px; padding: 5px;">
<div style="padding: 0px;">
<span font="" style="background-color: #ffffb7; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 15px;"><span style="border: 2px solid;"> Example </span></span><br /><br /><span style="font-size: medium;">・He must be <strong>either</strong> mad <strong>or</strong> drunk.<br />・We must <strong>either</strong> go now <strong>or</strong> stay till the end.</span></div>
</blockquote>
<br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><blockquote style="background-color: white; border: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px; margin: 2px; padding: 5px;">
<div style="padding: 0px;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="color: red;">NOTE</span>:</span><br /><br /><span style="font-size: medium;">If your element (the words that follow <strong>neither</strong> or <strong>either</strong>) is <strong>singular</strong>, then your <u>verb needs to be singular</u>; if one or both of your elements is <strong>plural</strong>, then your <u>verb need to be plural</u>.</span></div>
</blockquote>
<br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><hr size="1" style="color: #555555; font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" />
<span font="" style="background-color: #c6ffa4; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 30px;"><span style="border: 2px solid;"> neither . . . nor </span></span><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><span style="background-color: #fbfefe; font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;"> </span><span style="font-size: medium;">We can use <strong>neither</strong> and <strong>nor</strong> to mean ‘<strong>also not</strong>’. They come at the beginning of a clause, and are followed by inverted word order: auxiliary verb + subject.</span><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><span style="font-size: medium;">This structure is used to join two negative ideas.</span><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><blockquote style="background-color: white; border: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px; margin: 2px; padding: 5px;">
<div style="padding: 0px;">
<span font="" style="background-color: #ffffb7; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 15px;"><span style="border: 2px solid;"> Example </span></span><br /><br /><span style="font-size: medium;">・My father can't speak English.<br />・My mother can't speak English.<br /><br />・<strong>Neither</strong> my father <strong>nor</strong> my mother can speak English.</span></div>
</blockquote>
<br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><span style="font-size: medium;">After <strong>neither</strong>, we use a <u><strong>positive verb</strong> to mean a negative idea.</u></span><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><blockquote style="background-color: white; border: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px; margin: 2px; padding: 5px;">
<div style="padding: 0px;">
<span font="" style="background-color: #ffffb7; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 15px;"><span style="border: 2px solid;"> Example </span></span><br /><br /><span style="font-size: medium;">・I don't drink.<br />・I don't smoke.<br /><br />・I <strong>neither</strong> drink <strong>nor</strong> smoke.<br />(<span style="color: red;">NOT</span> I neither <s><span style="color: red;">don't</span></s> drink nor <s><span style="color: red;">don't</span></s> smoke.)</span></div>
</blockquote>
<br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><span style="background-color: #fbfefe; font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;"> </span><span style="font-size: medium;">"<strong>Neither</strong>" is a singular adjective and can be paired with "<strong>nor</strong>" in a sentence. "<strong>Neither</strong>" is<span style="color: red;">never</span> paired with "<strong>or</strong>".<br /><br /> When using "<strong>neither</strong>" in a sentence, you are saying not the first object and not the second object are behaving in a certain way. The nouns/pronouns are in agreement with one another. "<strong>Nor</strong>" can also be used independently when negating the second part of two negative clauses.</span><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><blockquote style="background-color: white; border: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px; margin: 2px; padding: 5px;">
<div style="padding: 0px;">
<span font="" style="background-color: #ffffb7; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 15px;"><span style="border: 2px solid;"> Example </span></span><br /><br /><span style="font-size: medium;">・<strong>Neither</strong> Corie <strong>nor</strong> Bob went to the play.<br />(Corie isn't going to the play. Bob isn't going to the play.</span>)<br /><br /><span style="font-size: medium;">・She said, "I don't like broccoli." I said, "<strong>Neither</strong> do I."</span><br /><span style="font-size: medium;">[<strong>Neither</strong> is used here because she doesn't like broccoli, and I don't like broccoli. (You may hear people say,"<u>Me <strong>neither</strong></u>," this is <strong>colloquial</strong> and<u> not grammatically correct</u>. You wouldn't say, "Me don't like broccoli.")]</span><br /><br /><span style="font-size: medium;">・She <strong>did<span style="color: red;">n't</span></strong> want to sing, <strong>nor</strong> did she want to dance.</span></div>
</blockquote>
<br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><span style="font-size: medium;">We can also use <strong>not … either</strong> with the same meaning and normal word order.</span><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><blockquote style="background-color: white; border: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px; margin: 2px; padding: 5px;">
<div style="padding: 0px;">
<span font="" style="background-color: #ffffb7; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 15px;"><span style="border: 2px solid;"> Example </span></span><br /><br /><span style="font-size: medium;">・I ca<span style="color: red;">n’t</span> speak French. I ca<span style="color: red;">n’t</span> <strong>either</strong>.<br />・John did<span style="color: red;">n’t</span> turn up, and Alice did<span style="color: red;">n’t</span> <strong>either</strong>.</span></div>
</blockquote>
<br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><span style="font-size: medium;">When <u>two singular nouns</u> are joined by <strong>neither…nor</strong>, the<u> verb is normally singular</u>, but it can be plural in an<u> informal style</u></span><span style="background-color: #fbfefe; font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;">.</span><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><blockquote style="background-color: white; border: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px; margin: 2px; padding: 5px;">
<div style="padding: 0px;">
<span font="" style="background-color: #ffffb7; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 15px;"><span style="border: 2px solid;"> Example </span></span><br /><br /><span style="font-size: medium;">・<strong>Neither</strong> Alice <strong>nor</strong> Mary <span style="color: #00cc00;">is</span> good at painting. (<span style="color: #00cc00;">normal</span>)<br />・<strong>Neither</strong> Alice <strong>nor</strong> Mary <span style="color: red;">are</span> good at paiting. (<span style="color: red;">informal</span>)</span></div>
</blockquote>
<br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><hr size="1" style="color: #555555; font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" />
<span font="" style="background-color: #c6ffa4; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 30px;"><span style="border: 2px solid;"> whether . . . or </span></span><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><blockquote style="background-color: white; border: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px; margin: 2px; padding: 5px;">
<div style="padding: 0px;">
<span style="font-size: medium;">・Corinne is trying to decide <strong>whether</strong><u> to go to medical school</u> <strong>or</strong><u> to go to law school.</u></span></div>
</blockquote>
<br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><span style="font-size: medium;">Similarly, the correlative conjunction "<strong>whether ... or</strong>" links the <u>two infinitive phrases </u>"<u>to go to medical school</u>" and "<u>to go to law school</u>."</span><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><blockquote style="background-color: white; border: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px; margin: 2px; padding: 5px;">
<div style="padding: 0px;">
<span font="" style="background-color: #ffffb7; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 15px;"><span style="border: 2px solid;"> Example </span></span><br /><br /><span style="font-size: medium;">・ <strong>Whether</strong> you choose to stay, <strong>or</strong> go is your decision.<br /><br />・<strong>Whether</strong> you win this race <strong>or</strong> lose it doesn't matter as long as you do your best.<br /><br />・Have you decided <strong>whether</strong> you will come <u><strong>or</strong> not</u>?</span><br /></div>
</blockquote>
<br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><strong style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;"><span style="font-size: large;">If vs. Whether</span></strong><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><span style="font-size: medium;">We can generally use both <strong>whether</strong> and <strong>if</strong> to introduce indirect <strong>yes/no</strong> questions.</span><span style="background-color: #fbfefe; font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;"> </span><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><blockquote style="background-color: white; border: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px; margin: 2px; padding: 5px;">
<div style="padding: 0px;">
<span font="" style="background-color: #ffffb7; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 15px;"><span style="border: 2px solid;"> Example </span></span><br /><br /><span style="font-size: medium;">・I am not sure <strong>whether</strong>/<strong>if</strong> she will come.<br />・I asked <strong>whether</strong>/<strong>if</strong> she had any letters for me.<br />・I don’t know <strong>whether</strong>/<strong>if</strong> I can come or not.</span></div>
</blockquote>
<br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><span style="font-size: medium;"><u>After prepositions</u> only <strong>whether</strong> is possible.</span><span style="background-color: #fbfefe; font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;"> </span><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><blockquote style="background-color: white; border: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px; margin: 2px; padding: 5px;">
<div style="padding: 0px;">
<span font="" style="background-color: #ffffb7; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 15px;"><span style="border: 2px solid;"> Example </span></span><br /><br /><span style="font-size: medium;">・There was a big argument <u>about <strong>whether</strong></u> we should move to a new house.<br />(<span style="color: red;">NOT</span> There was a big argument about <span style="color: red;"><s>if</s></span> …)<br /><br />・I haven’t settled the question <u>of <strong>whether</strong></u> I should settle abroad.</span></div>
</blockquote>
<br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><span style="font-size: medium;"><u>Before "<strong>to-infinitives</strong></u>", only <strong>whether</strong> is possible.</span><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><blockquote style="background-color: white; border: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px; margin: 2px; padding: 5px;">
<div style="padding: 0px;">
<span font="" style="background-color: #ffffb7; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 15px;"><span style="border: 2px solid;"> Example </span></span><br /><br /><span style="font-size: medium;">・They can decide <strong>whether</strong> <u>to get married</u> now or <u>wait</u>.</span></div>
</blockquote>
<span style="background-color: #fbfefe; font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;"> </span><span style="font-size: medium;">Although in informal writing and speech the two words are often used <u>interchangeably</u>, in formal writing, such as in technical writing at work, it's a good idea to make a distinction between them because the meaning can sometimes be <u>different</u> depending on which word you use.<br /><br /> The formal rule is to use "<strong>if</strong>"<u> when you have a conditional sentence</u> and "<strong>whether</strong>"<u>when you are showing that two alternatives are possible</u>.<br /><br />Here's an example where the two words could be <strong>interchangeable</strong>:<br /><br /><blockquote style="background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); margin: 2px; padding: 5px;">
<div style="padding: 0px;">
<span font="" style="background-color: #ffffb7; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 15px;"><span style="border: 2px solid;"> Example </span></span><br /><br />・Ken didn't know <strong>whether</strong> Tom would arrive on Sunday.<br />・Ken didn't know <strong>if</strong> Tom would arrive on Sunday.</div>
</blockquote>
<br /><br /><br />In either sentence, the meaning is that Tom may or may not arrive on Sunday.<br /><br />Here are some examples where the words are <span style="color: red;">not</span> <strong>interchangeable</strong>.<br /><br /><blockquote style="background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); margin: 2px; padding: 5px;">
<div style="padding: 0px;">
<span font="" style="background-color: #ffffb7; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 15px;"><span style="border: 2px solid;"> Example </span></span><br /><br />・Ken didn't know <strong>whether</strong> Tom would arrive on Sunday <strong>or</strong> Monday.</div>
</blockquote>
<br /><br /><br />Because I used <strong>whether</strong>, you know that there are <u>two possibilities</u>:<br />Tom will arrive on Sunday or Tom will arrive on Monday.<br /><br />Now see how the sentence has a different meaning when I use <strong>if</strong> instead of <strong>whether</strong>:<br /><br /><blockquote style="background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); margin: 2px; padding: 5px;">
<div style="padding: 0px;">
・Ken didn't know <strong>if</strong> Tom would arrive on Sunday or Monday.</div>
</blockquote>
<br /><br /> Now in addition to arriving on Sunday or Monday,<u> there is the possibility that Tom may not arrive at all.</u> These last two sentences show why it is best to use <strong>whether</strong> when you have <u>two possibilities</u>, and that is why I recommend using <strong>whether</strong> instead of <strong>if</strong> when you have <u>two possibilities</u>, even when the meaning wouldn't change if you use <strong>if</strong>. It's safer and more consistent.<br /><br /><br /><blockquote style="background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); margin: 2px; padding: 5px;">
<div style="padding: 0px;">
・Call Ken <strong>if</strong> you are going to arrive on Sunday.<br /><br />・Call Ken <strong>whether or not</strong> you are going to arrive on Sunday.</div>
</blockquote>
<br /><br /><br />The first sentence is <strong>conditional</strong>. Call Ken <strong>if</strong> you are going to arrive on Sunday means Tom is<u> only expected to call <strong>if</strong> he is coming.</u><br /><br />The second sentence is <span style="color: red;">not</span> <strong>conditional</strong>. Call Ken <strong>whether or not</strong> you are going to arrive on Friday means Tom is <u>expected to call either way.</u><br /><br /><br /><br /><hr size="1" style="color: #555555;" />
<span font="" style="background-color: #c6ffa4; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 30px;"><span style="border: 2px solid;"> not only...but also </span></span><br /><br /><u><strong>Not only and but also</strong></u> normally go immediately before the words or expressions modified by them.<br /><br /><br /><blockquote style="background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); margin: 2px; padding: 5px;">
<div style="padding: 0px;">
<span font="" style="background-color: #ffffb7; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 15px;"><span style="border: 2px solid;"> Example </span></span><br /><br />・The place was<strong> not only</strong> good, <strong>but also</strong> safe.<br />・She is <strong>not only</strong> a good wife, <strong>but also</strong> a good mother.<br />・She speaks <strong>not only</strong> English, <strong>but also</strong> French. </div>
</blockquote>
<br /><br /><br />Mid position with verb is also possible.<br /><br /><br /><blockquote style="background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); margin: 2px; padding: 5px;">
<div style="padding: 0px;">
<span font="" style="background-color: #ffffb7; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 15px;"><span style="border: 2px solid;"> Example </span></span><br /><br />・She <strong>not only</strong> speaks English, <strong>but also</strong> French.</div>
</blockquote>
<br /><br /><br />For emphasis <strong>not only</strong> can be moved to the beginning of a clause.<br /><br /><span style="color: red;">Note</span> that we use the inverted word order '<strong>not only</strong> + <strong>auxiliary verb</strong> + <strong>subject</strong>'. <strong>But</strong> <u>can be left out </u>in some cases.<br /><br /><br /><blockquote style="background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); margin: 2px; padding: 5px;">
<div style="padding: 0px;">
<span font="" style="background-color: #ffffb7; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 15px;"><span style="border: 2px solid;"> Example </span></span><br /><br />・She was <strong>not only</strong> sad, <strong>but</strong> also angry.<br />・<strong>Not only</strong> was she sad, she was <strong>also</strong> angry.<br /><br />・They <strong>not only</strong> need food, <strong>but also</strong> shelter.<br />・<strong>Not only</strong> do they need food, they <strong>also</strong> need shelter.</div>
</blockquote>
<br /><br /><br /><br /><hr size="1" style="color: #555555;" />
<span font="" style="background-color: #c6ffa4; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 30px;"><span style="border: 2px solid;"> ... hardly ... when/before ... </span></span><br /><br />The expression<strong> … hardly … when/before …</strong> is used (often with a <strong>past perfect tense</strong>) to suggest that one thing happened<u> very soon after another.</u><br /><br /><br /><blockquote style="background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); margin: 2px; padding: 5px;">
<div style="padding: 0px;">
<span font="" style="background-color: #ffffb7; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 15px;"><span style="border: 2px solid;"> Example </span></span><br /><br />・I had <strong>hardly</strong> closed my eyes <strong>when</strong> the phone rang.<br />・I had <strong>hardly</strong> closed the door <strong>before</strong> somebody knocked.<br />・I had <strong>hardly reached</strong> the station <strong>when</strong> the train steamed out.</div>
</blockquote>
<br /><br /><br />In a formal or literary style, the structure is sometimes used with an inverted word order.<br /><br /><br /><blockquote style="background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); margin: 2px; padding: 5px;">
<div style="padding: 0px;">
<span font="" style="background-color: #ffffb7; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 15px;"><span style="border: 2px solid;"> Example </span></span><br /><br />・<strong>Hardly had I </strong>closed my eyes <strong>when</strong> the phone rang.<br />・<strong>Hardly had I</strong> closed the door <strong>before</strong> somebody knocked.<br />・<strong>Hardly had I</strong> sat for dinner <strong>when</strong> the telephone rang.</div>
</blockquote>
<br /></span>Anonymousnoreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8137807130381503687.post-40220056971388972972012-09-27T13:32:00.000+09:002012-09-27T13:32:04.037+09:00Conjunctions 2 <div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-OzLF5ZohAus/UGPWZt1LQrI/AAAAAAAABiY/jzk5mH7FeVI/s1600/conjunctons+2.jpeg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-OzLF5ZohAus/UGPWZt1LQrI/AAAAAAAABiY/jzk5mH7FeVI/s1600/conjunctons+2.jpeg" /></a></div>
<div align="center" style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;">
<br /><br /><br /><strong><span style="font-size: large;">Subordinating conjunctions</span></strong></div>
<br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><a name='more'></a><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><span font="" style="background-color: #ffecec; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 30px;"><span style="border: 2px solid;"> Subordinating Conjunctions </span></span><span style="background-color: #fbfefe; font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;"> </span><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><span style="font-size: large;"><strong>What are subordinating conjunctions?</strong></span><span style="background-color: #fbfefe; font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;"> </span><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><span style="background-color: #fbfefe; font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;"> </span><span style="font-size: medium;">A <strong>subordinating conjunction</strong>, also called a <strong>subordinator</strong>, joins a <strong>dependent / subordinate clause</strong> to a main verb. They are used to show any relationship between them and they turn the clause into something that is dependant on the rest of the sentence for its meaning.</span><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><span font="" style="background-color: white; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 15px;"><span style="border: 2px solid;"> Example </span></span><span style="background-color: #fbfefe; font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;"> </span><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><span style="font-size: medium;">・We left the party <strong>when</strong> the police arrived.<br />・He goes home <strong>because</strong> he is ill.<br />・Ram went swimming <strong>although</strong> it was raining.</span><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><blockquote style="background-color: white; border: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px; margin: 2px; padding: 5px;">
<div style="padding: 0px;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="color: red;">NOTE</span>:</span><br /><br /><span style="font-size: medium;">"After", "before", "since" ― are also <strong>prepositions</strong>, but as subordinators they are being used to introduce a clause and to subordinate the following clause to the independent element in the sentence.</span></div>
</blockquote>
<br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Common Subordinating Conjunctions</span></span><span style="background-color: #fbfefe; font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;"> </span><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-OzLF5ZohAus/UGPWZt1LQrI/AAAAAAAABiY/jzk5mH7FeVI/s1600/conjunctons+2.jpeg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em; text-align: center;"><img border="0" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-OzLF5ZohAus/UGPWZt1LQrI/AAAAAAAABiY/jzk5mH7FeVI/s1600/conjunctons+2.jpeg" /></a><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><span style="font-size: medium;">A subordinating conjunction joins a subordinate (dependent) clause to a<strong> main (independent) clause</strong>:</span><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><span font="" style="background-color: white; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 15px;"><span style="border: 2px solid;"> Example </span></span><span style="background-color: #fbfefe; font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;"> </span><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><span style="font-size: medium;"><u>Ram went swimming</u> <strong>although</strong> <u>it was raining.</u></span><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><span style="font-size: medium;">"Ram went swimming"</span><span style="font-size: medium;"> = <strong>independent clause</strong></span><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><strong style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;"><span style="font-size: medium;">although</span></strong><span style="background-color: #fbfefe; font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;"> </span><span style="font-size: medium;">= <strong>subordinating conjunction</strong></span><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><span style="font-size: medium;">"it was raining."</span><span style="background-color: #fbfefe; font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;"> </span><span style="font-size: medium;"> = <strong>dependent clause</strong></span><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><span style="background-color: #fbfefe; font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;"> </span><span style="font-size: medium;">A<strong> subordinating conjunction</strong><u> always comes at the beginning of a subordinate clause.</u> It "<strong>introduces</strong>" a<strong> subordinate clause</strong>. <span style="color: red;">However</span>, a <strong>subordinate clause</strong> <strong>can sometimes come after and sometimes before a main clause.</strong> Thus, two structures are possible:</span><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><span font="" style="background-color: white; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 15px;"><span style="border: 2px solid;"> Example </span></span><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><span style="font-size: medium;">・Ram went swimming <strong><strong>although</strong></strong> it was raining.<br /><br />・<strong>Although</strong> it was raining, Ram went swimming.</span><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><strong style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;"><span style="font-size: large;">Important subordinating conjunctions</span></strong><br />
<span style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;"><b><br /></b></span>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-OFiGYyqFghc/UGPWeIMLXaI/AAAAAAAABig/ylQuAaedy54/s1600/conjunctons+3.jpeg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-OFiGYyqFghc/UGPWeIMLXaI/AAAAAAAABig/ylQuAaedy54/s1600/conjunctons+3.jpeg" /></a></div>
<span style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;"><b><br /></b></span><br />
<blockquote style="background-color: white; border: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px; margin: 2px; padding: 5px;">
<div style="padding: 0px;">
<strong><span style="font-size: large;">Omitting That</span></strong><br /><br /><br /> <span style="font-size: medium;">The word "<strong>that</strong>" is used as a<u> <strong>conjunction</strong> to connect a subordinate clause to a preceding verb.</u> In this construction <strong>that</strong> is sometimes called the "<strong>expletive that</strong>.<br /><br /> " Indeed, the word is often omitted to good effect, but the very fact of easy omission causes some editors to take out the red pen and strike out the <strong>conjunction that</strong> wherever it appears. In the following sentences, we can happily omit the that (or keep it, depending on how the sentence sounds to us):</span><br /><br /><br /><span font="" style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 15px;"><span style="border: 2px solid;"> Example </span></span><br /><br /><span style="font-size: medium;">・Isabel knew [<strong>that</strong>] she was about to be fired.</span><br /><br /><span style="font-size: medium;">・She definitely felt [<strong>that</strong>] her fellow employees hadn't supported her.</span><br /><br /><span style="font-size: medium;">・I hope [<strong>that</strong>] she doesn't blame me.</span><br /><br /><br /><span style="font-size: medium;">Sometimes omitting the <strong>that creates</strong> a break in the flow of a sentence, a break that can be adequately bridged with the use of a <strong>comma</strong>:</span><br /><br /><span font="" style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 15px;"><span style="border: 2px solid;"> Example </span></span><br /><br /><span style="font-size: medium;">・The problem is<strong>, </strong><s>that</s> production in her department has dropped.</span><br /><br /><span style="font-size: medium;">・Remember<strong>, </strong><s>that</s> we didn't have these problems before she started working here.</span><br /><br /><br /> <span style="font-size: medium;">As a general rule, if the sentence feels just as good without the <strong>that</strong>, if no ambiguity results from its omission, if the sentence is more efficient or elegant without it, then we can safely omit the <strong>that</strong>. Theodore Bernstein lists<u> three conditions in which we should maintain the <strong>conjunction that</strong>:</u></span><br /><br /><br /><span style="font-size: medium;"><strong>1. When a time element intervenes between the verb and the clause: </strong></span><br /><br /><span style="font-size: medium;">・The boss said yesterday <strong>that</strong> production in this department was down fifty percent.<br />(<span style="color: red;">Notice</span> the position of "<strong>yesterday</strong>.")</span><br /><br /><br /><span style="font-size: medium;">2. When the verb of the clause is long delayed:</span><br /><br /><span style="font-size: medium;">・Our annual report revealed <strong>that</strong> some losses sustained by this department in the third quarter of last year were worse than previously thought.<br />(<span style="color: red;">Notice</span> the distance between the subject "<strong>losses</strong>" and its verb, "<strong>were</strong>.")</span><br /><br /><br /><span style="font-size: medium;">3. When a second that can clear up who said or did what: </span><br /><br /><span style="font-size: medium;">・The CEO said <strong>that</strong> Isabel's department was slacking off and <strong>that</strong> production dropped precipitously in the fourth quarter.</span><br /><span style="font-size: medium;">(Did the CEO say that production dropped or was the drop a result of what he said about Isabel's department? The <strong>second that</strong> makes<u> the sentence clear</u>.)</span><br /></div>
</blockquote>
<br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" />Anonymousnoreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8137807130381503687.post-72853810855256143012012-09-27T13:28:00.001+09:002012-09-27T13:28:27.986+09:00Conjunctions 1<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-CQUhLMz_NAk/UGPVzmr-WLI/AAAAAAAABiQ/J3pjpP70ww8/s1600/conjunction1.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="458" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-CQUhLMz_NAk/UGPVzmr-WLI/AAAAAAAABiQ/J3pjpP70ww8/s640/conjunction1.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
<div align="center" style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;">
</div>
<div align="center" style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;">
<br /><br /><strong><span style="font-size: large;">Coordinating Conjunctions</span></strong></div>
<br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><a name='more'></a><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><span font="" style="background-color: #ffecec; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 30px;"><span style="border: 2px solid;"> Conjunctions </span></span><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><strong style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;"><span style="font-size: large;">What is conjunction?</span></strong><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><span style="font-size: medium;">A conjunction is a part of speech that connects two words, phrases or clauses together. </span><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><span font="" style="background-color: white; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 15px;"><span style="border: 2px solid;"> Example </span></span><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><strong style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;"><span style="font-size: medium;">・<span style="color: blue;">Coordinating Conjunctions</span></span></strong><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><span style="font-size: medium;">(<strong>and</strong>, <strong>but</strong>, <strong>or</strong>, <strong>nor</strong>, <strong>for</strong>, <strong>yet</strong>, <strong>so</strong>)</span><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><strong style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;"><span style="font-size: medium;">・<span style="color: blue;">Subordinating Conjunctions</span></span></strong><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><span style="font-size: medium;">(<strong>although</strong>, <strong>because</strong>, <strong>since</strong>, <strong>unless</strong>)</span><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><strong style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;"><span style="font-size: medium;">・<span style="color: blue;">Correlative Conjunctions</span></span></strong><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><strong style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;"><span style="font-size: medium;">(both . . . and<br />not only . . . but also<br />not . . . but<br />either . . . or<br />neither . . . nor<br />whether . . . or<br />as . . . as etc.)</span></strong><span style="background-color: #fbfefe; font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;"></span><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><hr size="1" style="color: #555555; font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" />
<span font="" style="background-color: #d7ffff; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 35px;"> Coordinating Conjunctions </span><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><span style="background-color: #fbfefe; font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;"> </span><span style="font-size: medium;">A coordinating conjunction, also called a coordinator, links parts of a sentence with the same status. This could be two independent (main) clauses, two noun phrases, adjectives, adverbials etc of equal importance.</span><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="color: red;">Note</span> - nor, for, and so can only join<u> independent clauses</u>.</span><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><blockquote style="background-color: white; border: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px; margin: 2px; padding: 5px;">
<div style="padding: 0px;">
<span style="font-size: large;"><strong>F</strong>or -<strong>A</strong>nd -<strong>N</strong>or -<strong>B</strong>ut -<strong>O</strong>r -<strong>Y</strong>et -<strong>S</strong>o = <span style="color: red;">FANBOYS</span></span><br /><br /><strong>It may help you remember these conjunctions by recalling that they all have fewer than <strong>four letters</strong>. Also, remember the <strong>acronym</strong></strong></div>
</blockquote>
<br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="color: red;">Note</span>:</span><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><span style="background-color: #fbfefe; font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;"> </span><span style="font-size: medium;">Be careful of the words <i><strong>then</strong></i> and <i><strong>now</strong></i>; neither is a coordinating conjunction.</span><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><span style="font-size: medium;">1.When a coordinating conjunction connects <strong>two independent clauses</strong>, it is often (but <u>not always</u>) accompanied by a <span style="color: blue;">comma</span>:</span><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><span font="" style="background-color: white; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 15px;"><span style="border: 2px solid;"> Example </span></span><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><span style="font-size: medium;">・Ulysses wants to play for UConn<u><strong>, but</strong></u> he has had trouble meeting the academic requirements.</span><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><hr size="1" style="color: #555555; font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" />
<span style="font-size: medium;">2.The <strong>comma</strong> is always correct<u> when used to separate two independent clauses connected by a coordinating conjunction.</u><br /> A <strong>comma</strong> is also correct when "<i><strong>and</strong></i>" is used to attach the last item of a serial list,<u>although many writers (especially in newspapers) will omit that final comma</u>:</span><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><span font="" style="background-color: white; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 15px;"><span style="border: 2px solid;"> Example </span></span><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><span style="font-size: medium;">・Ulysses spent his summer studying basic math, writing<u><strong>, and</strong></u> reading comprehension.</span><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><hr size="1" style="color: #555555; font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" />
<span style="font-size: medium;">3.When a coordinating conjunction is<u> used to connect all the elements in a series</u>, a comma is <u><span style="color: red;">not</span> used</u>.</span><span style="background-color: #fbfefe; font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;"> </span><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><span font="" style="background-color: white; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 15px;"><span style="border: 2px solid;"> Example </span></span><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><span style="font-size: medium;">・Presbyterians <strong>and</strong> Methodists <strong>and</strong> Baptists are the prevalent Protestant congregations in Oklahoma.</span><span style="background-color: #fbfefe; font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;"> </span><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><hr size="1" style="color: #555555; font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" />
<span style="font-size: medium;">4.A comma is also used with "<i><strong>but</strong></i>"<u> when expressing a contrast</u>:</span><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><span font="" style="background-color: white; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 15px;"><span style="border: 2px solid;"> Example </span></span><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><span style="font-size: medium;">・This is a useful rule<u><strong>, but</strong></u> difficult to remember.</span><span style="background-color: #fbfefe; font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;"> </span><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><hr size="1" style="color: #555555; font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" />
<span style="font-size: medium;">5.In most of their other roles as joiners (other than joining independent clauses, that is),<strong>coordinating conjunctions</strong> can join two sentence elements<u><strong> without the help of a comma</strong></u>.</span><span style="background-color: #fbfefe; font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;"> </span><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><span font="" style="background-color: white; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 15px;"><span style="border: 2px solid;"> Example </span></span><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><span style="font-size: medium;">・Hemingway <strong>and</strong> Fitzgerald are among the American expatriates of the between-the-wars era.</span><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><span style="font-size: medium;">・Hemingway was renowned for his clear style <strong>and</strong> his insights into American notions of male identity.</span><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><span style="font-size: medium;">・It is hard to say whether Hemingway <strong>or</strong> Fitzgerald is the more interesting cultural icon of his day.</span><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><span style="font-size: medium;">・Although Hemingway is sometimes disparaged for his unpleasant portrayal of women<strong>and</strong> for his glorification of machismo, we nonetheless find some sympathetic, even heroic, female figures in his novels <strong>and</strong> short stories.</span><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><hr size="1" style="color: #555555; font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" />
<span font="" style="background-color: #fffdd7; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 30px;"> AND </span><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><span style="font-size: medium;">1.To suggest that one idea is chronologically sequential to another: </span><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><span style="font-size: medium;">・Tashonda sent in her applications <strong>and</strong> waited by the phone for a response.</span><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><span style="font-size: medium;">2.To suggest that one idea is the result of another: </span><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><span style="font-size: medium;">・Willie heard the weather report <strong>and</strong> promptly boarded up his house.</span><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><span style="font-size: medium;">3.To suggest that one idea is in contrast to another (frequently replaced by "<strong>but</strong>" in this usage):</span><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><span style="font-size: medium;">・Juanita is brilliant <strong>and</strong> Shalimar has a pleasant personality.</span><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><span style="font-size: medium;">4.To suggest an element of surprise (sometimes replaced by <strong>yet</strong> in this usage)</span><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><span style="font-size: medium;">・Hartford is a rich city <strong>and</strong> suffers from many symptoms of urban blight.</span><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><span style="font-size: medium;">5.To suggest that one clause is dependent upon another, conditionally (usually the first clause is an imperative): </span><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><span style="font-size: medium;">・Use your credit cards frequently <strong>and</strong> you'll soon find yourself deep in debt.</span><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><span style="font-size: medium;">6.To suggest a kind of "comment" on the first clause: </span><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><span style="font-size: medium;">・Charlie became addicted to gambling ― <strong>and</strong> that surprised no one who knew him.</span><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><hr size="1" style="color: #555555; font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" />
<span font="" style="background-color: #fffdd7; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 30px;"> BUT </span><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><span style="font-size: medium;">1.To suggest a contrast that is unexpected in light of the first clause</span><span style="background-color: #fbfefe; font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;"> </span><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><span style="font-size: medium;">・Joey lost a fortune in the stock market, <strong>but</strong> he still seems able to live quite comfortably.</span><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><span style="font-size: medium;">2.To suggest in an affirmative sense what the first part of the sentence implied in a negative way (sometimes replaced by <i><strong>on the contrary</strong></i>):</span><span style="background-color: #fbfefe; font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;"> </span><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><span style="font-size: medium;">・The club never invested foolishly, <strong>but</strong> used the services of a sage investment counselor</span><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><span style="font-size: medium;">3.To connect two ideas with the meaning of "<strong><u>with the exception of</u></strong>"(and then <u>the second word takes over as subject</u>): </span><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><span style="font-size: medium;">・Everybody <strong>but</strong> Goldenbreath is trying out for the team.</span><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><hr size="1" style="color: #555555; font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" />
<span font="" style="background-color: #fffdd7; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 30px;"> OR </span><span style="background-color: #fbfefe; font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;"> </span><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><span style="font-size: medium;">1.To suggest that only one possibility can be realized, excluding one or the other:</span><span style="background-color: #fbfefe; font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;"> </span><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><span style="font-size: medium;">・You can study hard for this exam <strong>or</strong> you can fail.</span><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><span style="font-size: medium;">2.To suggest the inclusive combination of alternatives:</span><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><span style="font-size: medium;">・We can broil chicken on the grill tonight, <strong>or</strong> we can just eat leftovers.</span><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><span style="font-size: medium;">3.To suggest a refinement of the first clause: </span><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><span style="font-size: medium;">・Smith College is the premier all-women's college in the country, <strong>or</strong> so it seems to most Smith College alumnae.</span><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><span style="font-size: medium;">4.To suggest a restatement or "correction" of the first part of the sentence: </span><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><span style="font-size: medium;">・There are no rattlesnakes in this canyon, <strong>or</strong> so our guide tells us.</span><span style="background-color: #fbfefe; font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;"> </span><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><span style="font-size: medium;">5.To suggest a negative condition:</span><span style="background-color: #fbfefe; font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;"> </span><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><span style="font-size: medium;">・The New Hampshire state motto is the rather grim "Live free <strong>or</strong> die.</span><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><span style="font-size: medium;">6.To suggest a negative alternative without the use of an imperative:</span><span style="background-color: #fbfefe; font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;"> </span><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><span style="font-size: medium;">・They must approve his political style <strong>or</strong> they wouldn't keep electing him mayor.</span><span style="background-color: #fbfefe; font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;"> </span><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><hr size="1" style="color: #555555; font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" />
<span font="" style="background-color: #fffdd7; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 30px;"> NOR </span><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><span style="font-size: medium;">The conjunction <strong>NOR</strong> is not extinct, but it is not used nearly as often as the other conjunctions, so it might feel a bit odd when nor does come up in conversation or writing. Its most common use is as the little brother in the <strong>correlative</strong> pair, <u><strong>neither-nor</strong></u>. </span><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><span style="font-size: medium;">・He is <u>neither</u> sane <strong><u>nor</u></strong> brilliant.<br /> ・That is <u>neither</u> what I said <strong><u>nor</u></strong> what I meant.</span><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><span style="font-size: medium;"><strong>It can be used with other negative expressions:</strong></span><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><span style="font-size: medium;">・That is <u>not</u> what I meant to say, <u><strong>nor</strong></u> should you interpret my statement as an admission of guilt.</span><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><span style="font-size: medium;"><strong>It is possible to use nor<u> without a preceding negative element</u>, but it is unusual and, to an extent, rather stuffy:</strong></span><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><span style="font-size: medium;">・George's handshake is as good as any written contract, <u><strong>nor</strong></u> has he ever proven untrustworthy.</span><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><hr size="1" style="color: #555555; font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" />
<span font="" style="background-color: #fffdd7; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 30px;"> YET </span><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><span style="background-color: #fbfefe; font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;"> </span><span style="font-size: medium;">The word <strong>YET</strong> functions sometimes as an adverb and has several meanings:<br /><br /> in addition ("yet another cause of trouble" or "a simple yet noble woman"), <strong>even</strong> ("yet more expensive"), <strong>still</strong> ("he is yet a novice"), <strong>eventually</strong> ("they may yet win"), and <strong>so soon as now</strong> ("he's not here yet"). It also functions as a coordinating conjunction meaning something like "<strong>nevertheless</strong>" or "<strong>but</strong>." The word yet seems to carry an element of distinctiveness that but can seldom register.</span><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><span style="font-size: medium;">・John plays basketball well, <strong>yet</strong> his favorite sport is badminton.</span><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><span style="font-size: medium;">・The visitors complained loudly about the heat, <strong>yet</strong> they continued to play golf every day.</span><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><span style="background-color: #fbfefe; font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;"> </span><span style="font-size: medium;">In sentences such as the second one, above, the pronoun subject of the second clause ("<strong>they</strong>," in this case) is <u>often left out</u>. When that happens, the <strong>comma</strong> preceding the conjunction might also disappear:<br /><br />・The visitors complained loudly <strong>yet</strong> continued to play golf every day.</span><span style="background-color: #fbfefe; font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;"> </span><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><span style="font-size: medium;"><strong>Yet</strong> is sometimes combined with other conjunctions, <strong>but</strong> or <strong>and</strong>. It would not be unusual to see<strong> and yet</strong> in sentences like the ones above.<br />This usage is acceptable.</span><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><hr size="1" style="color: #555555; font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" />
<span font="" style="background-color: #fffdd7; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 30px;"> FOR </span><span style="background-color: #fbfefe; font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;"> </span><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><span style="background-color: #fbfefe; font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;"> </span><span style="font-size: medium;">The word FOR is most often used <u><strong>as a preposition</strong></u>, of course, but it does serve, on rare occasions,<u><strong> as a coordinating conjunction</strong></u>.<br /><br /> Some people regard the<u><strong> conjunction for</strong></u> as rather highfalutin and literary, and it does tend to add a bit of weightiness to the text. Beginning a sentence with the conjunction "<strong>for</strong>" is probably not a good idea, except when you're singing "<strong>For</strong> he's a jolly good fellow. "<strong>For</strong>" has serious sequential implications and in its use the order of thoughts is more important than it is, say, with <strong>because</strong> or <strong>since</strong>. Its function is to introduce the reason for the preceding clause:</span><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><span style="font-size: medium;">・John thought he had a good chance to get the job, <strong>for</strong> his father was on the company's board of trustees.</span><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><span style="font-size: medium;">・Most of the visitors were happy just sitting around in the shade, <strong>for</strong> it had been a long, dusty journey on the train. </span><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><span font="" style="background-color: #fffdd7; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 30px;"> SO </span><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><span style="background-color: #fbfefe; font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;"> </span><span style="font-size: medium;">Be careful of the conjunction <u><strong>SO</strong></u>. Sometimes it can connect two independent clauses along with a <strong>comma</strong>, but sometimes it <span style="color: red;">can't</span>. For instance, in this sentence,</span><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><span style="font-size: medium;">・Soto is not the only Olympic athlete in his family, <strong>so</strong> are his brother, sister, and his Uncle Chet.</span><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><span style="font-size: medium;">where the word <u><strong>so</strong></u> means "<strong>as well</strong>" or "<strong>in addition</strong>," most careful writers would use a<strong>semicolon</strong> between the two independent clauses. In the following sentence, where <strong>so</strong> is acting like a minor-league "<strong>therefore</strong>," the conjunction and the comma are adequate to the task:</span><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><span style="font-size: medium;">・Soto has always been nervous in large gatherings, <strong>so</strong> it is no surprise that he avoids crowds of his adoring fans.</span><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><span style="font-size: medium;">Sometimes, at the beginning of a sentence, <u><strong>so</strong></u> will act as a kind of summing up device or transition, and when it does, it is often set off from the rest of the sentence with a comma:</span><span style="background-color: #fbfefe; font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;"> </span><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><span style="font-size: medium;">・<strong>So</strong>, the sheriff peremptorily removed the child from the custody of his parents.</span><span style="background-color: #fbfefe; font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;"> </span>Anonymousnoreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8137807130381503687.post-57966628904886703242012-09-27T13:08:00.003+09:002012-09-27T13:08:33.695+09:00Prepositions <br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-cbux51HvD0w/UGPQ_Q-ZpbI/AAAAAAAABhs/ZmW0VspFp4w/s1600/prepositions.jpeg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-cbux51HvD0w/UGPQ_Q-ZpbI/AAAAAAAABhs/ZmW0VspFp4w/s1600/prepositions.jpeg" /></a></div>
<div align="center" style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;">
<strong><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></strong></div>
<div align="center" style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;">
<strong><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></strong></div>
<div align="center" style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;">
<strong><span style="font-size: large;">Prepositions</span></strong><br /></div>
<br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><a name='more'></a><br /><br /><br /><span font="" style="background-color: #ffecec; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 30px;"><span style="border: 2px solid;"> Prepositions </span></span><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><strong style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;"><span style="font-size: medium;">What are prepositions?</span></strong><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><span style="font-size: medium;">Prepositions are a class of words that indicate relationships between nouns, pronouns and other words in a sentence. Most often they come before a noun. They never change their form, regardless of the case, gender etc. of the word they are referring to. </span><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><blockquote style="background-color: white; border: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px; margin: 2px; padding: 5px;">
<div style="padding: 0px;">
<span style="font-size: medium;">There are three types of prepositions.</span><br /><br /><strong><span style="font-size: large;">1. Time Prepositions</span></strong><span style="font-size: medium;"> - Time prepositions define time. </span><br /><br /><br /><br /><span font="" style="background-color: #d5c8ff; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 15px;"> Example </span> <strong><span style="font-size: large;"> in at on for during while …</span></strong><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><strong><span style="font-size: large;">2.Place Propositions</span></strong><span style="font-size: medium;"> - Place prepositions clarify the place someone or somebody.</span><br /><br /><br /><br /><span font="" style="background-color: #d5c8ff; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 15px;"> Example </span> <strong><span style="font-size: large;"> in on at near over above under below …</span></strong><br /><br /><br /><strong><span style="font-size: large;">3.Direction Prepositions</span></strong> <span style="font-size: medium;">- Direction prepositions are used to clarify the direction of someone or something.</span><br /><br /><br /><br /><span font="" style="background-color: #d5c8ff; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 15px;"> Example </span> <strong><span style="font-size: large;"> under over right left at to up…</span></strong><br /><br /></div>
</blockquote>
<br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><hr size="1" style="color: #555555; font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" />
<strong style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;"><span style="font-size: large;">Preposition Rule</span></strong><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><span style="font-size: medium;">There is one very simple rule about prepositions. And, unlike most rules, this rule has<span style="color: red;"> no exceptions</span>.</span><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><span style="font-size: large;">1. The prepositions usually comes before the noun.</span><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><span style="font-size: large;">2. Prepositions can be used with all forms of nouns.</span><span style="background-color: #fbfefe; font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;"> </span><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><span font="" style="background-color: #d5c8ff; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 15px;"> Example </span><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><span style="font-size: medium;">・noun (dog, money, love)<br />・proper noun (name) (Bangkok, Mary)<br />・pronoun (you, him, us)<br />・noun group (my first job)<br />・gerund (swimming)</span><span style="background-color: #fbfefe; font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;"></span><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><span style="font-size: large;">3. Prepositions can't come after a verb, but can be used before a gerund or verb in noun form.</span><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><span style="font-size: large;">4. The rules above do not change and there are no exceptions to the rules</span><span style="background-color: #fbfefe; font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;">.</span><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><span font="" style="background-color: #fffdd7; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 30px;"> Place Prepositions </span><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><span style="background-color: #fbfefe; font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;"> </span><span style="font-size: medium;">Prepositions of place are used to clarify a specific place. Place prepositions are used with all nouns. The preposition usually comes before the noun or the pronoun. <span style="color: red;">The preposition never comes before a verb.</span></span><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><span font="" style="background-color: #b7fff2; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 30px;"> <strong>in</strong> - <strong>at</strong> - <strong>on</strong> (Place) </span><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><span font="" style="background-color: #8effb9; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 30px;"> <strong>At</strong> </span><span style="background-color: #fbfefe; font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;"> </span><span style="font-size: medium;">for a<strong> POINT, EVENT, TABLE…</strong></span><span style="background-color: #fbfefe; font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;"> </span><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><span style="background-color: #fbfefe; font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;">-</span><span style="font-size: medium;">"<strong>at</strong>" Is usually used to state something or someone is at a <strong>specific place</strong>.</span><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><span style="font-size: medium;">・next to<br />・by an object<br />・for table<br />・for events<br />・place where you are to do something typical (watch a film, study, work)</span><span style="background-color: #fbfefe; font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;"></span><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><span font="" style="background-color: #d5c8ff; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 15px;"> Example </span><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><span style="font-size: large;">・at home<br />・at work<br />・at school<br />・at the top<br />・at the side<br />・at the table</span><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><span font="" style="background-color: #8effb9; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 30px;"> <strong>In</strong> </span><span style="background-color: #fbfefe; font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;"> </span><span style="font-size: medium;"> for an<strong> ENCLOSED SPACE</strong></span><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><span style="font-size: medium;">・room, building, street, town, country<br />・book, paper etc.<br />・car, taxi<br />・picture, world</span><span style="background-color: #fbfefe; font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;"></span><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><span style="font-size: medium;">"<strong>In</strong>" Is usually used to state that someone or something is in a (the boundaries can be physical or virtual place.</span><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><span font="" style="background-color: #d5c8ff; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 15px;"> Example </span><span style="background-color: #fbfefe; font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;"> </span><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><span style="font-size: large;">・in the city<br />・in the box<br />・in the park<br />・in the car<br />・in London<br />・in the world<br />・in the picture</span><span style="background-color: #fbfefe; font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;"></span><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><span font="" style="background-color: #8effb9; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 30px;"> <strong>On</strong> </span><span style="background-color: #fbfefe; font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;"> </span><span style="font-size: medium;">for a <strong>SURFACE</strong></span><span style="background-color: #fbfefe; font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;"> </span><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><span style="font-size: medium;">・attached<br />・for a place with a river<br />・being on a surface<br />・for a certain side (left, right)<br />・for a floor in a house<br />・for public transport<br />・for television, radio</span><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><span style="font-size: medium;">"<strong>On</strong>" Is usually used to state someone or something is on top of a surface.</span><span style="background-color: #fbfefe; font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;"> </span><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><span font="" style="background-color: #d5c8ff; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 15px;"> Example </span><span style="background-color: #fbfefe; font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;"> </span><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><span style="font-size: large;">・on the table<br />・on the floor<br />・on the wall<br />・on the left<br />・on the bus<br />・on a plane<br />・on TV<br />・on the radio</span><span style="background-color: #fbfefe; font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;"></span><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><blockquote style="background-color: white; border: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px; margin: 2px; padding: 5px;">
<div style="padding: 0px;">
<span style="font-size: large;"><strong>Prepositions of Place</strong></span><br /><br /><br /><span style="font-size: medium;"><strong>aboard</strong> - She is aboard the boat.<br /><br /><strong>above</strong> - The picture is above the sofa.<br /><br /><strong>across</strong> - My house is across the street.<br /><br /><strong>against</strong> - The desk is against the wall.<br /><br /><strong>around</strong> - My house is around the block.<br /><br /><strong>at</strong> - Is your house at the end of the street.<br /><br /><strong>at the back of</strong> - We are going to sit at the back of the theater.<br /><br /><strong>at the bottom of </strong>- The coins are at the bottom of the lake.<br /><br /><strong>at the top of </strong>- The books are at the top of the shelves.<br /><br /><strong>between</strong> - We sit between the two boys.<br /><br /><strong>behind</strong> - The girls sit behind the two boys.<br /><br /><strong>below</strong> - The desk is below the window<br /><br /><strong>by</strong> - The books are by the door.<br /><br /><strong>in</strong> - I live in the big green and white house.<br /><br /><strong>inside</strong> - I live inside the big green house.<br /><br /><strong>on the corner of</strong> - We live on the corner of 3rd avenue<br /><br /><strong>in the middle of</strong> - We live in the middle of the street.<br /><br /><strong>near</strong> - I don't live near the supermarket.<br /><br /><strong>next to</strong> - I live next to my best friend.<br /><br /><strong>to the left of</strong> - The blue box is to the left of the green box.<br /><br /><strong>to the right of </strong>- The orange box is to the right of the yellow box.<br /><br /><strong>on</strong> - The sun heater is on the top of the building.<br /><br /><strong>on the side of</strong> - There is a big sign on the side of the house.<br /><br /><strong>on top of </strong>- There is a man on the top of the roof.<br /><br /><strong>on the other side of</strong> - Do you see what is going on over there on the other side of the roof?<br /><br /><strong>opposite</strong> - The post office is on the opposite side of the street.<br /><br /><strong>outside</strong> - The car is outside the garage.<br /><br /><strong>under</strong> - The blanket is under the bed in a box..<br /><br /><strong>underneath</strong> - The pen is underneath the box.<br /></span></div>
</blockquote>
<br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><span font="" style="background-color: #fffdd7; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 30px;"> Time Prepositions </span><span style="background-color: #fbfefe; font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;"> </span><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><span style="background-color: #fbfefe; font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;"> </span><span style="font-size: medium;">Time prepositions are used to define time. Prepositions usually come before a noun or pronoun. Prepositions <span style="color: red;">never come after a verb</span>.</span><span style="background-color: #fbfefe; font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;"> </span><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><span font="" style="background-color: #b7fff2; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 30px;"> <strong>at - in - on</strong> (Time) </span><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><span font="" style="background-color: #8effb9; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 25px;"><strong> At </strong></span><span style="font-size: medium;"> for a <strong>SPECIFIC TIME</strong><br /></span><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><span style="font-size: medium;">1.for night<br />2.for weekend<br />3.a certain point of time (when?)</span><span style="background-color: #fbfefe; font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;"></span><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><span font="" style="background-color: #d5c8ff; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 15px;"> Example </span><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><span style="font-size: large;">・at <span style="color: red;">night</span> (<span style="color: red;">NOT</span><s> in night</s>)<br />・at the weekend<br />・at half past nine<br />・at 2:00<br />・at lunchtime<br />・at Christmas<br />・at noon<br />・at sunrise</span><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><span font="" style="background-color: #8effb9; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 30px;"> In </span><span style="background-color: #fbfefe; font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;"> </span><span style="font-size: medium;">for <strong>MONTHS</strong>, <strong>YEARS</strong>, <strong>CENTURIES</strong> and<strong> LONG PERIODS</strong></span><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><span style="font-size: medium;">1.months / seasons<br />2.time of day<br />3.year<br />4.after a certain period of time (when?)</span><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><span font="" style="background-color: #d5c8ff; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 15px;"> Example </span><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><span style="font-size: large;">・in August<br />・in winter<br />・in the morning<br />・in 2006<br />・in an hour<br />・in the next century<br />・in the Ice Age<br />・in the past/future</span><span style="background-color: #fbfefe; font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;"></span><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><span font="" style="background-color: #8effb9; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 30px;"> On </span><span style="background-color: #fbfefe; font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;"> </span><span style="font-size: medium;">for <strong>DAYS</strong> and <strong>DATES</strong></span><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><span style="font-size: medium;">1.days of the week</span><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><span font="" style="background-color: #d5c8ff; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 15px;"> Example </span><span style="background-color: #fbfefe; font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;"> </span><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><span style="font-size: large;">・on Monday<br />・on 6 March<br />・on Christmas Day<br />・on Independence Day<br />・on my birthday<br />・on New Year's Eve</span><span style="background-color: #fbfefe; font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;"></span><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><blockquote style="background-color: white; border: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px; margin: 2px; padding: 5px;">
<div style="padding: 0px;">
<span style="color: red;"><span style="font-size: medium;">NOTE</span></span>:<br /><br /><span style="font-size: medium;">Notice the use of the prepositions of time in and on in these common expressions:</span><br /></div>
</blockquote>
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-SnbrPUy0sCw/UGPRAdf9KxI/AAAAAAAABhw/9X2enojrF9E/s1600/prepositions2.jpeg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="324" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-SnbrPUy0sCw/UGPRAdf9KxI/AAAAAAAABhw/9X2enojrF9E/s640/prepositions2.jpeg" width="640" /></a></div>
<br />
<br />
<br />
<blockquote style="background-color: white; border: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px; margin: 2px; padding: 5px;">
<div style="padding: 0px;">
<span style="font-size: medium;">When we say <strong>last, next, every, this</strong> we <span style="color: red;">do not also use</span><strong> at, in, on</strong>.</span><br /><br /><span font="" style="background-color: #d5c8ff; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 15px;"> Example </span><br /><br /><span style="font-size: medium;">・I went to London last June. (<span style="color: red;">not</span> in last June)<br />・He's coming back next Tuesday. (<span style="color: red;">not</span> on next Tuesday)<br />・I go home every Easter. (<span style="color: red;">not</span> at every Easter)<br />・We'll call you this evening. (<span style="color: red;">not</span> in this evening)</span></div>
</blockquote>
<br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><blockquote style="background-color: white; border: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px; margin: 2px; padding: 5px;">
<div style="padding: 0px;">
<span style="font-size: large;">Prepositions of TIME</span><br /><br /><span style="font-size: medium;"><strong>after</strong> - I will be there after work.<br /><br /><strong>around</strong> - We will be there around 3 PM<br /><br /><strong>before</strong> - I will be there before I go to school.<br /><br /><strong>between</strong> - I will be there<br /><br /><strong>by</strong> - I will be there by the time that you leave for work.<br /><br /><strong>during</strong> - I will be there during your class.<br /><br /><strong>for</strong> - I will be there for your birthday.<br /><br /><strong>past</strong> - I wasn't there for the past 2 months.<br /><br /><strong>since</strong> - I didn't see her since I was 10 years old.<br /><br /><strong>until</strong> - I will not be home until 7:00 PM.<br /><br /><strong>within</strong> - I will be there within<br /></span></div>
</blockquote>
<br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><span font="" style="background-color: #fffdd7; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 30px;"> Direction Prepositions </span><span style="background-color: #fbfefe; font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;"> </span><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><span style="font-size: medium;"> Prepositions that express movement toward something are <strong>to</strong>, <strong>onto</strong>, and <strong>into</strong>.<br /> <strong>To</strong>, <strong>onto</strong>, and <strong>into</strong> can be defined in the same way <strong>as at, in</strong>, and <strong>on</strong> (which explain the relationships of<strong> point, surface, area and volume</strong>.</span><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><span font="" style="background-color: #b7fff2; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 30px;"> <strong>To</strong> - <strong>Into</strong> - <strong>Onto</strong> (Place) </span><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><span font="" style="background-color: #8effb9; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 30px;"> To </span><span style="background-color: #fbfefe; font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;"> </span><span style="font-size: medium;"><strong> signifies orientation toward a goal</strong></span><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><span style="font-size: medium;">1.When the goal is physical, such as a destination, "<strong>to</strong>" implies movement in the direction of the goal.</span><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><span style="font-size: medium;">The preposition to is used as an ordinary preposition with verbs of communication such as listen, speak, relate (as in telling someone something), appeal (meaning 'pleading', not as in 'be attractive to')</span><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><span style="font-size: large;"><strong>Verbs of communication:</strong></span><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><span style="font-size: medium;"><strong>listen</strong>, <strong>speak</strong> (but <span style="color: red;">not tell</span>), relate, appeal (in the sense of 'plead,' <span style="color: red;">not</span> '<span style="color: red;">be attractive</span>')</span><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><span style="font-size: large;"><strong>Verbs of movement:</strong></span><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><span style="font-size: medium;"><strong>move, go, transfer, walk, run, swim, ride, drive, fly, travel</strong></span><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><blockquote style="background-color: white; border: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px; margin: 2px; padding: 5px;">
<div style="padding: 0px;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="color: red;">NOTE</span>:</span><br /><br /><span style="font-size: medium;">All these verbs (<span style="color: red;">except transfer</span>) can be used with <strong>toward</strong>, as well as with <strong>to</strong>. <span style="color: red;">Be aware</span>that "<strong>to</strong>" <strong>suggests movement toward a specific point</strong>, and "<strong>toward</strong>" suggests<strong>movement in a general</strong> direction <u><span style="color: red;">without</span> actually arriving at a specific goal or destination.</u> </span><br /><br /><span font="" style="background-color: #d5c8ff; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 15px;"> Example </span><br /><br /><span style="font-size: medium;">・Let’s walk <strong>toward</strong> the park.<br />(Walk in the direction of the park; we may or may not arrive there.)<br /><br />・Brandon drove <strong>toward</strong> the seaside.<br />(He was going in that direction, but he may not actually go there at all.)</span><br /><br /><span style="font-size: medium;">・Drive <strong>toward</strong> the city limits and turn north.<br />(Drive in the direction of the city limits; turnoff may be before arriving there.)</span><br /><br /><span style="font-size: medium;">・Take me <strong>to</strong> the airport, please.<br />(I actually want to arrive at the airport.)</span><br /></div>
</blockquote>
<br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><blockquote style="background-color: white; border: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px; margin: 2px; padding: 5px;">
<div style="padding: 0px;">
<span font="" style="background-color: #d5c8ff; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 15px;"> Example </span><br /><br /><span style="font-size: medium;">・I like going <strong>to</strong> Australia.<br />・Can you come <strong>to</strong> me?<br />・I've never been <strong>to</strong> Africa.</span></div>
</blockquote>
<br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><span style="font-size: medium;">2.If the goal is not an actual place, but is <strong>an action or a thought</strong>, to is <strong>used with another verb in the infinitive form</strong> and expresses purpose (in order to).<br /><br />・We cleaned the house to prepare for the reception.<br />(We cleaned in order to prepare for the reception.)<br /><br />Both meanings of the word to can be used in the same sentence:<br />・Paul went <strong>to(1)</strong> Lucy’s house <strong>to(2)</strong> deliver the gift.<br />(Lucy’s house is the physical destination, and Paul's purpose is in order <strong>to</strong> deliver the gift'.)</span><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><strong style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;"><span style="font-size: large;">Verb + to + <strong>infinitive</strong></span></strong><span style="background-color: #fbfefe; font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;"> </span><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><span style="font-size: medium;">Verbs in this group express willingness, desire, intention, or obligation.</span><span style="background-color: #fbfefe; font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;"> </span><strong style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;"><span style="font-size: medium;">(to walk, to think, to eat, etc.) </span></strong><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><span style="font-size: medium;">・<strong>Willingness</strong>: be willing, consent, refuse<br /><br />・<strong>Desire</strong>: desire, want, wish, like, ask, request, prefer<br /><br />・<strong>Intention</strong>: intend, plan, prepare<br /><br />・<strong>Obligation</strong>: be obligated, have, need</span><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><blockquote style="background-color: white; border: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px; margin: 2px; padding: 5px;">
<div style="padding: 0px;">
<span font="" style="background-color: #d5c8ff; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 15px;"> Example </span><br /><br /><span style="font-size: medium;">・We flew from New York <strong>to(1)</strong> Paris <strong>to(2)</strong> see our father.</span><br /><br /><span style="font-size: medium;">・I will agree <strong>to</strong> let you join us. (I am willing <u>to allow you</u> <u>to be with us</u>.)<br /><br />・She plans <strong>to</strong> leave on Saturday. (Her intent is<u> to leave </u>on that day.)<br /><br />・Ronnie wanted <strong>to</strong> have a leave of absence from work. (He <u>desired time off</u> from work.)<br /><br />・Annie had <strong>to</strong> teach when CC was ill. (Annie was <u>obligated to teach</u>.)</span><br /></div>
</blockquote>
<br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><hr size="1" style="color: #555555; font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" />
<span style="font-size: large;"><strong>ON + TO </strong></span><span style="font-size: medium;">= <strong>onto</strong>: signifies movement toward a surface</span><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><span style="font-size: large;"><strong>IN + TO </strong></span><span style="font-size: medium;">= <strong>into</strong>: signifies movement toward the interior of a volume</span><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><span style="background-color: #fbfefe; font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;">("To" is part of the directional preposition toward, and the two mean about the same thing.)</span><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><blockquote style="background-color: white; border: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px; margin: 2px; padding: 5px;">
<div style="padding: 0px;">
<span style="font-size: medium;">The other two prepositions of direction are compounds formed by adding to: on + to = onto: signifies movement toward the top of a surface; in + to = into: signifies movement toward the interior of something. With some action verbs, on and in have a directional meaning and may also be used, but not in every instance. </span><br /><br /><span font="" style="background-color: #d5c8ff; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 15px;"> Example </span><br /><br /><span style="font-size: medium;">・Shawn climbed in/into the bathtub.<br />(Both in and into are <span style="color: blue;">correct</span>. Choose one.)</span><br /><br /><br /><span style="font-size: medium;">The difference between <u>the compound prepositions <strong>into</strong> and <strong>onto</strong></u> and<u> the simple prepositions <strong>in</strong> and <strong>on</strong> </u>is that <strong><u>the compound prepositions indicate the completion of an action</u></strong>, and <strong><u>the simple prepositions show the position of the subject as a result of that action.</u></strong> </span><br /><br /><span font="" style="background-color: #d5c8ff; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 15px;"> Example </span><br /><br /><span style="font-size: medium;">Patricia fell <strong>onto</strong> the ground. (completion of the action of falling)<br />Patricia is <strong>on</strong> the ground. (position of Patricia)<br /><br />Mario jumped <strong>into</strong> the river. (completion of the action jumped)<br />Mario is <strong>in</strong> the river. (position of Mario)</span></div>
</blockquote>
<br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><span font="" style="background-color: #8effb9; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 30px;"> Onto, On </span><span style="background-color: #fbfefe; font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;"> </span><span style="font-size: medium;"><strong>signifies movement toward a surface</strong></span><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><span style="font-size: medium;"><strong>ON + TO </strong></span><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><strong style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;"><span style="font-size: large;">1.With verbs of motion, onto and on are usually interchangeable.</span></strong><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><span style="font-size: medium;">・Daniel <u>bounced</u> <strong>on/onto</strong> the floor.<br />・Peter <u>climbed</u> <strong>on/onto</strong> the fence.</span><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><span style="color: red; font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Note</span></span><span style="background-color: #fbfefe; font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;">: </span><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><span style="font-size: medium;">Some motion verbs indicate that the subject causes itself or some other object to be located in a specific place. Some of these verbs can only be used with on. Others can be used with both on and onto. There are also times when the word "add" is used alone, or used with the word to.</span><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><span font="" style="background-color: #d5c8ff; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 15px;"> Example </span><span style="background-color: #fbfefe; font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;"> </span><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><span style="font-size: medium;">・The cat landed <strong>on</strong> its feet after the fall. (<span style="color: lime;">not</span> <strong>onto</strong> its feet)<br /><br />・Louis hung his pants <strong>on</strong> the line to dry. (<span style="color: red;">not</span> <strong>onto</strong> the line)<br /><br />・Dick spilled the soup <strong>on</strong> his shirt. (<span style="color: red;">not</span> <strong>onto</strong> his shirt)<br /><br />・Heather threw her coat <strong>on/onto</strong> the bed.<br /><br />・The birds scattered the seeds that had fallen<strong> on/onto</strong> the ground.<br /><br />・They are <strong>adding</strong> another employee at the factory.<br /><br />・She wants to <strong>add to</strong> the wedding invitation list.<br /><br />・"Your behavior is <strong>adding to</strong> my stress," warned Mother.<br /><br />・I would like to have one more room<strong> added to/onto</strong> the house.</span><span style="background-color: #fbfefe; font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;"></span><blockquote style="background-color: white; border: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px; margin: 2px; padding: 5px;">
<div style="padding: 0px;">
<span style="color: lime;"><span style="font-size: medium;">NOTE</span></span>:<br /><br /><span style="font-size: medium;"><strong>Simple prepositions</strong> can combine with verbs, but<strong> compound prepositions</strong> <span style="color: red;">cannot</span>!</span></div>
</blockquote>
<br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><span style="font-size: large;">2.With verbs showing a<strong> stationary position</strong>, <strong>on</strong> or <strong>in</strong> are used as<strong> the ordinary meanings</strong> of those prepositions.</span><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><span font="" style="background-color: #d5c8ff; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 15px;"> Example </span><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><span style="font-size: large;">・The car is <strong>in</strong> the driveway.<br />・The cat is <strong>in</strong> the garage<br />・William is <strong>in</strong> the barn.<br />・Megan is <strong>on</strong> the couch.<br />・Pete is <strong>on</strong> the ladder.<br />・The newspaper is <strong>on</strong> the table.</span><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><span style="font-size: medium;">3.There are other verb/preposition combinations which mean "continuing or resuming an action" when they are used in an imperative sentence.<br /> These combinations are used only with <strong>on</strong>, <span style="color: red;">except for hang</span>, which takes<u> both <strong>on</strong> and<strong>onto</strong></u>.<br /> Some of these combinations are idiomatic. </span><span style="background-color: #fbfefe; font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;"></span><span style="font-size: medium;">・hang <strong>on</strong> (or <strong>onto</strong> = continue to grasp tightly)<br />・carry <strong>on</strong> = continue/resume doing what you were doing<br />・dream <strong>on</strong> = continue dreaming<br />・lead <strong>on</strong> = continue/resume leading us. </span><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><span font="" style="background-color: #8effb9; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 30px;"> <strong>Into, In</strong> </span><span style="background-color: #fbfefe; font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;"> </span><span style="font-size: medium;">signifies movement toward the interior of a volume</span><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><span style="font-size: large;"><strong>IN + TO</strong></span><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="color: red;">Remember</span> that into shows <strong>completion of an action</strong>, in shows the <strong>position of the object as a result of an action</strong>.</span><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><span style="font-size: medium;">・Connie put the vase <strong>into</strong> the sink. The vase is <strong>in</strong> the sink.<br />・Harriet threw her coat <strong>into</strong> the closet. Her coat is <strong>in</strong> the closet.<br />・The chef put the soup bones <strong>into</strong> the pot. The bones are <strong>in</strong> the pot.</span><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><span style="font-size: medium;">1.With verbs expressing motion, into and in are may be used interchangeably except</span><span style="background-color: #fbfefe; font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;"> </span><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><span style="font-size: medium;">a)when the preposition is the <strong>last word in the sentence</strong><br /><br />b)when it comes <strong>directly in front of an adverbial</strong>.<br />(An adverbial or an adverbial clause <strong>provides information</strong> about when, why, or how something happens).<br />In those cases,<span style="color: blue;"> only in is correct</span>.<br /><br /><br /></span><span style="background-color: #fbfefe; font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;"></span><span font="" style="background-color: #d5c8ff; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 15px;"> Example </span><span style="background-color: #fbfefe; font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;"> </span><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><span style="font-size: medium;">・Don went <strong>into</strong> the library.<br />・Don went <strong>in</strong>. (<span style="color: red;">not</span> <strong>into</strong>, <span style="color: blue;">because</span> in is the <strong>last word in the sentence</strong>)<br />・They drove <strong>into</strong> the garage at 6 p.m.<br />・They drove <strong>in</strong> yesterday. (yesterday is an <strong>adverbial</strong> showing when, so <strong>in</strong> is the correct preposition to use.)</span><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><span style="color: red; font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;"><span style="font-size: medium;">NOTE</span></span><span style="background-color: #fbfefe; font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;">:</span><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><span style="font-size: medium;">Into may be used as the last word (with the exception of the adverbial)<u> in a question that asks </u><strong>who, when, what</strong> about the <span style="color: blue;">subject</span>.</span><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><span font="" style="background-color: #d5c8ff; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 15px;"> Example </span><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><span style="font-size: medium;">・What sort of mess has the dog gotten <strong>into</strong> now? (now is an adverbial showing when)<br /><br />・Now, what sort of mess did the dog get <strong>in</strong>?<br /></span><span style="background-color: #fbfefe; font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;"></span><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><strong style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;"><span style="font-size: medium;">2.Using in or into with the verb move</span></strong><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><span style="font-size: medium;"><strong>a)move in</strong> followed by a clause showing reason or purpose that indicates <strong>approaching</strong>. Move in is a <strong>phrasal verb</strong> and is sometimes an <strong>idiom</strong>.</span><span style="background-color: #fbfefe; font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;"> </span><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><span style="font-size: medium;">・The patrol<strong> moved in</strong> to report artillery positions.<br />・The gangsters <strong>moved in</strong> to take over the town.</span><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><span style="font-size: medium;">b)When <strong>into</strong> is used with move, it's used as an ordinary preposition and means moving something from one place to another:</span><span style="background-color: #fbfefe; font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;"> </span><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><span style="font-size: medium;">・She moved all her clothes <strong>into</strong> a different closet.<br /><br />・Let’s move <strong>into</strong> the living room where we can be more comfortable. (simply means 'go')<br /><br />・We will move <strong>into</strong> the new house by the end of the month. (bring all belongings and take possession of t・he house.)</span><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><blockquote style="background-color: white; border: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px; margin: 2px; padding: 5px;">
<div style="padding: 0px;">
<strong><span style="font-size: large;">Prepositions of Direction</span></strong><br /><br /><span style="font-size: medium;"><strong>above</strong> higher than something.<br /><strong>across</strong> from one side to the other side <br /><strong>after</strong> one follows the other <br /><strong>against</strong> directed towards something. <br /><strong>along</strong> in a line; from one point to another <br /><strong>among</strong> in a group<br /><strong>around</strong> in a circular way <br /><strong>behind</strong> at the back of <br /><strong>below</strong> lower than something. <br /><strong>beside</strong> next to <br /><strong>between</strong> something/somebody is on each side <br /><strong>by</strong> near<br /><strong>close to</strong> near <br /><strong>down</strong> from high to low <br /><strong>from</strong> the place where it starts <br /><strong>in front of</strong> the part that is in the direction it faces <br /><strong>inside</strong> opposite of outside <br /><strong>into</strong> entering something. <br /><strong>near</strong> close to <br /><strong>next to</strong> beside <br /><strong>off</strong> away from something. <br /><strong>onto</strong> moving to a place <br /><strong>opposite</strong> on the other side <br /><strong>out of</strong> leaving something. <br /><strong>outside</strong> opposite of inside <br /><strong>over</strong> above something./somebody. <br /><strong>past</strong> going near something./somebody. <br /><strong>round</strong> in a circle <br /><strong>through</strong> going from one point to the other point <br /><strong>to</strong> towards something./somebody. <br /><strong>towards</strong> in the direction of something. <br /><strong>under</strong> below something. <br /><strong>up</strong> from low to high </span></div>
</blockquote>
<br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" />Anonymousnoreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8137807130381503687.post-43579590296743838992012-09-27T13:05:00.001+09:002012-09-27T13:05:02.069+09:00Any / Some<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-728nazmS3R0/UGPQYJOZWNI/AAAAAAAABhk/qRid3yXTyhw/s1600/any+:+some.jpeg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-728nazmS3R0/UGPQYJOZWNI/AAAAAAAABhk/qRid3yXTyhw/s1600/any+:+some.jpeg" /></a></div>
<div align="center" style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;">
<br /><br /><br /><span style="font-size: large;"><strong>some / any</strong></span></div>
<br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><a name='more'></a><br /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><span font="" style="background-color: #ffecec; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 40px;"> some / any </span><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><strong style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;"><span style="font-size: medium;"> Some and any are used to state the quantity, amount of something. When using some or any the exact numb er is not stated. Some and any are quantifiers.</span></strong><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><hr size="1" style="color: #555555; font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" />
<span font="" style="background-color: #fffcc8; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 30px;">some</span><span style="background-color: #fbfefe; font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;"> </span><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><strong style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;">Some is used with…</strong><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><span style="font-size: medium;">1 positive sentences.</span><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><blockquote style="background-color: white; border: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px; margin: 2px; padding: 5px;">
<div style="padding: 0px;">
<span font="" style="background-color: #d5c8ff; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 15px;"> Example </span><br /><br /> <span style="font-size: medium;">・I have bought some bread.</span></div>
</blockquote>
<br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><span style="font-size: medium;">2 In questions when you are asking for something or offering something you use some.<br />(<span style="color: red;">if the answer the expected answer to be positive.</span>)</span><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><blockquote style="background-color: white; border: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px; margin: 2px; padding: 5px;">
<div style="padding: 0px;">
<span font="" style="background-color: #d5c8ff; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 15px;"> Example </span><br /><br /> <span style="font-size: medium;">・Would you like some coffee?</span><br /><br /> <span style="font-size: medium;">・Can I have some coffee please?</span></div>
</blockquote>
<br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><hr size="1" style="color: #555555; font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" />
<span font="" style="background-color: #fffcc8; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 30px;">any</span><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><strong style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;">Any is used with…</strong><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><span style="font-size: medium;">1 Negative sentences</span><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><blockquote style="background-color: white; border: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px; margin: 2px; padding: 5px;">
<div style="padding: 0px;">
<span font="" style="background-color: #d5c8ff; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 15px;"> Example </span><br /><br /><span style="font-size: medium;">・I don't have any money today.</span></div>
</blockquote>
<span style="font-size: medium;">2 When asking a question.</span><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><blockquote style="background-color: white; border: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px; margin: 2px; padding: 5px;">
<div style="padding: 0px;">
<span font="" style="background-color: #d5c8ff; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 15px;"> Example </span><br /><br /><span style="font-size: medium;">・Is there any coffee?</span><br /></div>
</blockquote>
<br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><span style="font-size: medium;">3 Any is used when a sentence is grammatically positive, but the meaning of the sentence is negative.</span><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><blockquote style="background-color: white; border: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px; margin: 2px; padding: 5px;">
<div style="padding: 0px;">
<span font="" style="background-color: #d5c8ff; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 15px;"> Example </span><br /><br /><span style="font-size: medium;">・My brother never does any thing good.</span></div>
</blockquote>
<br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><hr size="1" style="color: #555555; font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" />
<span style="font-size: large;">Countable Nouns</span><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><span font="" style="background-color: #ffecec; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 30px;">not + any = zero</span><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><span style="font-size: medium;">He does<strong>n't</strong> have <strong>any</strong> good ideas. good Ideas = zero</span><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><span font="" style="background-color: #ffecec; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 30px;">To show a small amount use "not" + "<span style="color: red;">many</span>"</span><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><span style="font-size: medium;">He doesn't have many good ideas. good ideas ≠ zero /=<span style="color: red;">few</span></span><span style="background-color: #fbfefe; font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;"> </span><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><span style="font-size: medium;">※ many=a lot of</span><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><hr size="1" style="color: #555555; font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" />
<span style="font-size: large;">Uncountable Nouns</span><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><span style="font-size: medium;"><strong>"Some" can also be used with Uncountable Nouns</strong></span><span style="background-color: #fbfefe; font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;"> </span><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><blockquote style="background-color: white; border: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px; margin: 2px; padding: 5px;">
<div style="padding: 0px;">
<span style="font-size: medium;">In positive sentences</span><br /><br /><span style="font-size: medium;">He has some water.</span><br /></div>
</blockquote>
<br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><blockquote style="background-color: white; border: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px; margin: 2px; padding: 5px;">
<div style="padding: 0px;">
<span style="font-size: medium;">In negative sentences</span><br /><br /><span font="" style="background-color: #ffecec; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 30px;">not + any = zero</span><br /><br /><span style="font-size: medium;">He doesn't have any water. not + any = zero</span><br /></div>
</blockquote>
<br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><span font="" style="background-color: #ffecec; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 30px;">To show a small amount use "not" + "<span style="color: red;">much</span>"</span><span style="background-color: #fbfefe; font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;"> </span><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><span style="font-size: medium;">He does<strong>n't</strong> have <strong>much</strong> water. <strong></strong> water ≠ zero/= <span style="color: red;">little</span></span><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><span style="font-size: medium;">※ much = a lot of</span><span style="background-color: #fbfefe; font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;"> </span><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><blockquote style="background-color: white; border: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px; margin: 2px; padding: 5px;">
<div style="padding: 0px;">
<span style="font-size: large;">NOTE: <strong>much</strong> and <strong>many</strong> are used in negative and question forms.</span></div>
</blockquote>
<br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" />Anonymousnoreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8137807130381503687.post-11723286000132838902012-09-27T13:03:00.001+09:002012-09-27T13:03:19.028+09:00Quantifiers<br />
<div align="center" style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;">
<strong><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></strong></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-uvU-uAkxnCw/UGPP9FempWI/AAAAAAAABhc/jtTzjFrbSf4/s1600/quantifiers.jpeg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-uvU-uAkxnCw/UGPP9FempWI/AAAAAAAABhc/jtTzjFrbSf4/s1600/quantifiers.jpeg" /></a></div>
<div align="center" style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;">
<strong><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></strong></div>
<div align="center" style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;">
<strong><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></strong></div>
<div align="center" style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;">
<strong><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></strong></div>
<div align="center" style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;">
<strong><span style="font-size: large;">English Quantifiers</span></strong><br /><br /></div>
<br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><a name='more'></a><br /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><span font="" style="background-color: #ffecec; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 30px;"><span style="border: 2px solid;"> Quantifiers </span></span><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><span style="background-color: #fbfefe; font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;"> </span><span style="font-size: medium;"><strong>Quantifiers are words that are used to state quantity or amount of something without stating the actually number.</strong></span><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><blockquote style="background-color: white; border: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px; margin: 2px; padding: 5px;">
<div style="padding: 0px;">
<span font="" style="background-color: #d5c8ff; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 15px;"> Example </span><br /><br /><span font="" style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 20px;"><strong> <strong>some</strong>, <strong>any</strong>, <strong>many</strong> , <strong>much</strong>, <strong>few</strong>, <strong>little</strong>, <strong>all</strong>, <strong>enough</strong>, etc. </strong></span><br /></div>
</blockquote>
<span style="background-color: #fbfefe; font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;"> </span><span style="font-size: medium;">There are <u>three types of quantifier;</u></span><span style="background-color: #fbfefe; font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;"> </span><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="color: blue;">1 neutral quantifiers</span> some, any, several, enough, a number of…<br /><br /><span style="color: blue;">2 quantifiers of large quantity</span> much, many, a lot of…<br /><br /><span style="color: blue;">3 quantifiers of small quantity</span> few, a few, little, a little…<br /><br /><br /></span><span style="background-color: #fbfefe; font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;"></span><hr size="1" style="color: #555555; font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" />
<span font="" style="background-color: #fffdd7; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 30px;"> 1. Neutral quantifiers </span><span style="background-color: #fbfefe; font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;"> </span><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><blockquote style="background-color: white; border: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px; margin: 2px; padding: 5px;">
<div style="padding: 0px;">
<span font="" style="background-color: #d5c8ff; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 15px;"> Example </span><br /></div>
<div align="center">
<span font="" style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 20px;"><strong> <strong>Some</strong> , <strong>Any</strong>, <strong>several</strong> , <strong>a number of</strong>, <strong>enough</strong> </strong></span></div>
<div style="padding: 0px;">
</div>
</blockquote>
<br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><span font="" style="background-color: #c6ffa4; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 20px;">1-1 some & any </span><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><span style="background-color: #fbfefe; font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;"> </span><span style="font-size: medium;"><strong><strong>Some</strong> and <strong>any</strong> are used with countable and uncountable nouns, to describe an indefinite or incomplete quantity.</strong></span><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><span style="background-color: #fbfefe; font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;"> </span><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="color: red;"><strong>Some</strong> </span>is used in<u> positive statements</u></span><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><span style="font-size: medium;">It is also used in <strong>questions</strong> where<u><strong> we are sure about the answer</strong></u>.</span><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><blockquote style="background-color: white; border: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px; margin: 2px; padding: 5px;">
<div style="padding: 0px;">
<span font="" style="background-color: #d5c8ff; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 15px;"> Example </span><br /><br /><span font="" style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 20px;">・I had <strong>some</strong> rice for lunch.<br />・He's got <strong>some</strong> books from the library.<br />・Did he give you <strong>some</strong> tea? (= <u>I'm sure he did.</u>)<br />・Is there <strong>some</strong> fruit juice in the fridge? (=<u> I think there is</u>) </span><br /></div>
</blockquote>
<br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="color: red;"><strong>Any</strong></span> is used in questions and with <strong>not</strong> in <strong>negative</strong> statements.</span><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><span style="font-size: medium;">It is also used when a sentence is <strong>grammatically positive</strong>, but the <u><strong>meaning of the sentence is negative.</strong></u></span><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><blockquote style="background-color: white; border: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px; margin: 2px; padding: 5px;">
<div style="padding: 0px;">
<span font="" style="background-color: #d5c8ff; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 15px;"> Example </span><br /><br /><span font="" style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 20px;">・Have you got <strong>any</strong> tea?<br />・He did<strong>n't</strong> give me <strong>any</strong> tea.<br />・I do<strong>n't</strong> think we've got <strong>any</strong> coffee left.<br />・My brother never does any thing good.</span><br /></div>
</blockquote>
<br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><span font="" style="background-color: #c6ffa4; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 20px;">1-2 Several and a number of </span><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><span style="font-size: medium;"> <strong>Several</strong> and<strong> a number of </strong>imply <strong>"more than one, but less than a lot"</strong>. They are not usually used in negative or interrogative statements (asking a question.), <span style="color: red;">only in positive statements.</span></span><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><span font="" style="background-color: #d5c8ff; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 15px;"> Example </span><span style="background-color: #fbfefe; font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;"> </span><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><blockquote style="background-color: white; border: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px; margin: 2px; padding: 5px;">
<div style="padding: 0px;">
<span font="" style="background-color: #d5c8ff; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 15px;"> Example </span><br /><br /><span font="" style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 20px;">・<strong>Several</strong> people said that they'd seen the missing child.<br />・ <strong>A number of people</strong> said that they'd seen the missing child.</span></div>
</blockquote>
<br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><span font="" style="background-color: #c6ffa4; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 20px;">1-3 enough </span><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><span style="font-size: medium;"><strong>Enough</strong> implies a sufficient quantity; it is used in <strong>positive statements,negative statements and questions</strong></span><span style="background-color: #fbfefe; font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;"></span><blockquote style="background-color: white; border: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px; margin: 2px; padding: 5px;">
<div style="padding: 0px;">
<span font="" style="background-color: #d5c8ff; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 15px;"> Example </span><br /><br /><span font="" style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 20px;">・We can get tickets for the concert, I've got <strong>enough</strong> money now.<br />・Have you got <strong>enough</strong> money for the tickets?</span></div>
</blockquote>
<br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><hr size="1" style="color: #555555; font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" />
<span font="" style="background-color: #fffdd7; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 30px;"> 2. Large quantity quantifiers </span><span style="background-color: #fbfefe; font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;"></span><blockquote style="background-color: white; border: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px; margin: 2px; padding: 5px;">
<div style="padding: 0px;">
<span font="" style="background-color: #d5c8ff; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 15px;"> Example </span><br /><br /><span font="" style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 20px;"><strong>much</strong>, <strong>many</strong>,<strong> lots of</strong>, <strong>plenty of</strong>, <strong>numerous</strong>, etc. </span><br /></div>
</blockquote>
<br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><span font="" style="background-color: #c6ffa4; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 20px;">2-1 <strong>Much</strong> and <strong>many</strong></span><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="color: red;">Much</span> is used with<strong> non count nouns (always in the singular)</strong></span><span style="background-color: #fbfefe; font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;"></span><blockquote style="background-color: white; border: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px; margin: 2px; padding: 5px;">
<div style="padding: 0px;">
<span font="" style="background-color: #d5c8ff; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 15px;"> Example </span><br /><br /><span font="" style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 20px;">・I do<strong>n't</strong> have <strong>much</strong> money.<br />・<strong>How</strong> <strong>much</strong> money have you got?</span></div>
</blockquote>
<br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="color: red;">Many</span> is used with count nouns in the <strong>plural</strong>.</span><span style="background-color: #fbfefe; font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;"></span><blockquote style="background-color: white; border: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px; margin: 2px; padding: 5px;">
<div style="padding: 0px;">
<span font="" style="background-color: #d5c8ff; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 15px;"> Example </span><br /><br /><span font="" style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 20px;">・I do<strong>n't</strong> have <strong>many</strong> apple<strong>s</strong>.<br />・<strong>How</strong> <strong>many</strong> dollar<strong>s</strong> have you got?</span><br /></div>
</blockquote>
<br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: red;">NOTE</span>: <span style="color: red;"> Do not use <strong>much</strong> or <strong>many</strong> in positive statements.</span></span><span style="background-color: #fbfefe; font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;"> </span><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><span font="" style="background-color: #c6ffa4; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 20px;">2-2 Lots of, a lot of, plenty of, a large number of, numerous</span><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><span style="background-color: #fbfefe; font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;"> </span><span style="font-size: medium;">These expressions all mean more or less exactly the same. In the list above, they are arranged in order of <strong>formality</strong>, going from the most informal <strong>(lots of)</strong> to the most formal<strong>(numerous)</strong>. Informal language is more appropriate in dialogue, formal language in written documents.</span><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><blockquote style="background-color: white; border: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px; margin: 2px; padding: 5px;">
<div style="padding: 0px;">
<span font="" style="background-color: #d5c8ff; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 15px;"> Example </span><br /><br /><span font="" style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 20px;">・There are lots of people in the queue today.<br />・There are numerous definitions of the word 'man'.</span></div>
</blockquote>
<br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><span font="" style="background-color: #fffdd7; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 30px;"> 3. Small quantity quantifiers </span><span style="background-color: #fbfefe; font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;"> </span><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><blockquote style="background-color: white; border: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px; margin: 2px; padding: 5px;">
<div style="padding: 0px;">
<span font="" style="background-color: #d5c8ff; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 15px;"> Example </span><br /><br /><span font="" style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 20px;">few, a few, little, a little, not many, not much, a small number of, etc..</span></div>
</blockquote>
<br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><span style="background-color: #fbfefe; font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;"> </span><span style="font-size: medium;">These quantifiers are normally <span style="color: red;">only used in <strong>positive statements</strong></span>, to which they give a negative colouring.</span><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><span font="" style="background-color: #c6ffa4; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 20px;">3-1 little, a little, not much</span><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><span style="font-size: medium;"> These are used with <strong>non count nouns</strong> (always in the <strong>singular</strong>)</span><span style="background-color: #fbfefe; font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;"></span><blockquote style="background-color: white; border: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px; margin: 2px; padding: 5px;">
<div style="padding: 0px;">
<span font="" style="background-color: #d5c8ff; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 15px;"> Example </span><br /><br /><span font="" style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 20px;">・ I've got <strong>a little</strong> money left.<br />・I know <strong>little</strong> English.<br />・I know <strong>a little</strong> English.</span></div>
</blockquote>
<br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><span font="" style="background-color: #c6ffa4; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 20px;">3-2 Few, a few, not many </span><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><span style="font-size: medium;">These are used with <strong>count nouns</strong> in the <strong>plural</strong>.</span><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><blockquote style="background-color: white; border: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px; margin: 2px; padding: 5px;">
<div style="padding: 0px;">
<span font="" style="background-color: #d5c8ff; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 15px;"> Example </span><br /><br /><span font="" style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 20px;">・<strong>Few</strong> <strong>people</strong> can speak more than three languages.<br />・We know <strong>few</strong> <strong>people</strong> in the area.<br />・We know <strong>a few</strong> <strong>people</strong> in the area.</span></div>
</blockquote>
<br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><span font="" style="background-color: #fffdd7; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 30px;"> 4. Few or a few, little or a little ? </span><span style="background-color: #fbfefe; font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;"> </span><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><span style="font-size: medium;">The difference between the two expressions in each phrase is purely one of <strong>meaning</strong>, not of <strong>usage</strong>.</span><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><blockquote style="background-color: white; border: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px; margin: 2px; padding: 5px;">
<div style="padding: 0px;">
<span font="" style="background-color: #d5c8ff; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 15px;"> Example </span><br /><br /><span font="" style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 20px;">・We know <strong>few</strong> <strong>people</strong> in the area.<br />・We know <strong>a few</strong> <strong>people</strong> in the area.<br />・I know <strong>little</strong> English.<br />・I know<strong> a little</strong> English.</span></div>
</blockquote>
<br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><span font="" style="background-color: #c6ffa4; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 20px;">4-1 few and little</span><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><span style="background-color: #fbfefe; font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;"> </span><span style="font-size: medium;">Without the article, <strong>few</strong> and <strong>little</strong> (used respectively with <strong>count nouns</strong> and <strong>non-count nouns</strong>) have the meaning of "<strong>not much</strong>/ <strong>not many</strong>, and <strong>possibly less than one might hope for or expect</strong>". These expressions have a <strong>negative value</strong> to them.</span><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><span style="background-color: #fbfefe; font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;"> </span><span font="" style="background-color: white; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 25px;"><span style="border: 2px solid;"> <strong>few</strong>/<strong>little</strong> -<span style="color: red;"> means that is not enough of something. </span></span></span><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><blockquote style="background-color: white; border: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px; margin: 2px; padding: 5px;">
<div style="padding: 0px;">
<span font="" style="background-color: #d5c8ff; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 15px;"> Example </span><br /><br /><span font="" style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 20px;">・There are <strong>few</strong> apple<strong>s</strong>. There are <strong>not enough</strong> apple<strong>s</strong>.<br /><br />・They know <strong>little</strong> English. They <strong>can't get around</strong> <strong>very well</strong>. They<strong>don't</strong> know <strong>enough</strong> English to manage. </span><br /></div>
</blockquote>
<br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><span font="" style="background-color: #c6ffa4; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 20px;">4-2 a few and a little</span><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><span style="font-size: medium;"> With the article, <strong>a few</strong> and <strong>a little</strong> have the meaning of "<strong>at least some, perhaps more than one might expect</strong>" . These expressions have a <strong>positive value</strong>.</span><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><span style="background-color: #fbfefe; font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;"> </span><span font="" style="background-color: white; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 25px;"><span style="border: 2px solid;"> <strong>a few</strong>/<strong>a little</strong> </span></span><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><span style="background-color: #fbfefe; font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;"> </span><span font="" style="background-color: white; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 25px;"><span style="color: red;">Means that there are not a lot of something, but there is enough. </span></span><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><blockquote style="background-color: white; border: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px; margin: 2px; padding: 5px;">
<div style="padding: 0px;">
<span font="" style="background-color: #d5c8ff; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 15px;"> Example </span><br /><br /><span font="" style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 20px;">・There are<strong> a few</strong> apple<strong>s</strong>. There are <strong>enough</strong> apple<strong>s</strong>. <br /><br />・I know<strong> a little</strong> English. He know <strong>enough</strong> English to manage.<br /></span></div>
</blockquote>
<br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><table align="center;" bgcolor="ffffff" border="3" cellpadding="20" cellspacing="5" style="color: black; font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px; text-align: left; width: 650px;"><caption><span style="font-size: medium;">【Table of usage for common English Quantifiers】</span></caption><tbody>
<tr align="center"><th bgcolor="#ffd5ea"><br /></th><th bgcolor="#ffd5ea"><span style="font-size: medium;">Positive</span></th><th bgcolor="#ead5ff"><span style="font-size: medium;">Negative</span></th><th bgcolor="#ffffd5"><span style="font-size: medium;">Interrogative</span></th></tr>
<tr align="center"><td bgcolor="#ffd5ea"><strong><span style="font-size: medium;">Neutral</span></strong></td><td bgcolor="#ffd5ea"><span style="font-size: medium;">some, several,<br />a number of, enough</span></td><td bgcolor="#ead5ff"><span style="font-size: medium;">any, enough</span></td><td bgcolor="#ffffd5"><span style="font-size: medium;">any, enough</span></td></tr>
<tr align="center"><td bgcolor="#ffd5ea"><strong><span style="font-size: medium;">Large<br />quantity</span></strong></td><td bgcolor="#ffd5ea"><span style="font-size: medium;">numerous, plenty of,<br />a lot of, lots of,<br />too many</span></td><td bgcolor="#ead5ff"><span style="font-size: medium;">much, many,<br />too many</span></td><td bgcolor="#ffffd5"><span style="font-size: medium;">much, many, too many</span></td></tr>
<tr align="center"><td bgcolor="#ffd5ea"><strong><span style="font-size: medium;">Small<br />quantity</span></strong></td><td bgcolor="#ffd5ea"><span style="font-size: medium;">few / a few, Little / a little</span></td><td bgcolor="#555555" colspan="2;"><br /></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><hr size="1" style="color: #555555; font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" />
<span style="background-color: #fbfefe; font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;"> </span><span style="font-size: medium;">It might be better to begin this section on quantifiers by looking at a few of them and to see how they operate with nouns. In the list that follows a Yes indicates the type of noun(s) that the quantifier generally can be used with (there are, as so often with English, obscure exceptions). As before, U refers to uncountable nouns and C refers to countable nouns.</span><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><table align="center;" bgcolor="ffffff" border="3" cellpadding="20" cellspacing="5" style="color: black; font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px; text-align: left; width: 650px;"><tbody>
<tr align="center" bgcolor="#ffd5ea"><th><span style="font-size: medium;">Quantifier</span></th><th><span style="font-size: medium;">Singular<br />nouns (C)</span></th><th><span style="font-size: medium;">Plural<br />nouns (C)</span></th><th><span style="font-size: medium;">Uncountable<br />nouns (U)</span></th></tr>
<tr align="center"><td bgcolor="#ffffd5"><span style="font-size: medium;"><strong>all</strong></span></td><td>-</td><td>yes</td><td>yes</td></tr>
<tr align="center"><td bgcolor="#ffffd5"><span style="font-size: medium;"><strong>any</strong></span></td><td>-</td><td>yes</td><td>yes</td></tr>
<tr align="center"><td bgcolor="#ffffd5"><span style="font-size: medium;"><strong>both</strong></span></td><td>-</td><td>yes</td><td>-</td></tr>
<tr align="center"><td bgcolor="#ffffd5"><span style="font-size: medium;"><strong>each</strong></span></td><td>yes</td><td>-</td><td>-</td></tr>
<tr align="center"><td bgcolor="#ffffd5"><span style="font-size: medium;"><strong>enough</strong></span></td><td>-</td><td>yes</td><td>yes</td></tr>
<tr align="center"><td bgcolor="#ffffd5"><span style="font-size: medium;"><strong>every</strong></span></td><td>yes</td><td>-</td><td>-</td></tr>
<tr align="center"><td bgcolor="#ffffd5"><span style="font-size: medium;"><strong>few/a few/fewer</strong></span></td><td>-</td><td>yes</td><td>-</td></tr>
<tr align="center"><td bgcolor="#ffffd5"><span style="font-size: medium;"><strong>little/a little/less</strong></span></td><td>-</td><td>-</td><td>yes</td></tr>
<tr align="center"><td bgcolor="#ffffd5"><span style="font-size: medium;"><strong>many</strong></span></td><td>-</td><td>yes</td><td>-</td></tr>
<tr align="center"><td bgcolor="#ffffd5"><span style="font-size: medium;"><strong>more</strong></span></td><td>-</td><td>yes</td><td>yes</td></tr>
<tr align="center"><td bgcolor="#ffffd5"><span style="font-size: medium;"><strong>some</strong></span></td><td>-</td><td>yes</td><td>yes</td></tr>
<tr align="center"><td bgcolor="#ffffd5"><span style="font-size: medium;"><strong>a lot of</strong></span></td><td>-</td><td>yes</td><td>yes</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><hr size="5" style="color: #555555; font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" />
<span font="" style="background-color: #fffdd7; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 30px;">Here is a list of quantifiers</span><span style="background-color: #fbfefe; font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;"> </span><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><span style="font-size: medium;">0%, 10%, 50%, 100%, etc.<br />½, ¼, etc.<br />1, 2, 3, 4, etc.<br />one, two, three, four, etc.<br />one half, one third, one fourth, one quarter, one fifth, etc.<br />a bit<br />a couple<br />a few<br />a good deal<br />a good many<br />a great deal<br />a great many<br />a little<br />a little bit<br />a majority<br />a minority<br />a number<br />a quantity<br />all<br />an amount<br />another<br />any<br />any<br />both<br />certain<br />each<br />either<br />enough<br />enough<br />few<br />fewer<br />heaps<br />less<br />less<br />little<br />little<br />loads<br />lots<br />many<br />masses<br />more<br />more<br />most<br />much<br />much<br />neither<br />none<br />numbers<br />part<br />plenty<br />quantities<br />several<br />some<br />the majority<br />the remainder<br />the rest<br />the whole<br />tons<br />various</span><span style="background-color: #fbfefe; font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;"> </span><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" />Anonymousnoreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8137807130381503687.post-65577403908287368972012-09-27T13:01:00.002+09:002012-09-27T13:01:26.948+09:00Articles (a, an, or the)<br />
<div align="center" style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;">
<span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div>
<div align="center" style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;">
<span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-rI7I4jbWIKk/UGPPczVkhzI/AAAAAAAABhM/lhIRbe1eeGA/s1600/Articles+.jpeg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-rI7I4jbWIKk/UGPPczVkhzI/AAAAAAAABhM/lhIRbe1eeGA/s1600/Articles+.jpeg" /></a></div>
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;">
<span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div>
<div align="center" style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;">
<span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div>
<div align="center" style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;">
<span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div>
<div align="center" style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;">
<span style="font-size: large;"><b>English Articles ( Determiners )</b></span><br /><br /><strong><span style="font-size: large;">A , An Or The</span></strong><br /></div>
<br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><a name='more'></a><br /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><hr size="1" style="color: #555555; font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" />
<span font="" style="background-color: #ffecec; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 30px;"><span style="border: 2px solid;"> Articles </span></span><span style="background-color: #fbfefe; font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;"> </span><span style="font-size: medium;">The and a/an are called "articles".</span><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><span style="font-size: medium;">The articles in English include the <strong>definite article</strong> <strong><i>the</i></strong> and the <strong>indefinite articles</strong> <strong>a</strong> and <strong>an</strong>.</span><span style="background-color: #fbfefe; font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;"></span><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-PKBkWn6-7pE/UGPPeLeenII/AAAAAAAABhU/phKgRI4_bBc/s1600/articles+2.jpeg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-PKBkWn6-7pE/UGPPeLeenII/AAAAAAAABhU/phKgRI4_bBc/s1600/articles+2.jpeg" /></a></div>
<div align="center" style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;">
<br /></div>
<br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><span font="" style="background-color: #ffecec; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 30px;"><span style="border: 2px solid;"> Definite Article </span></span><span style="background-color: #fbfefe; font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;"> </span><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><span style="font-size: medium;">"Definite" means sure, certain in here . "Definite" is particular.</span><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><span style="font-size: medium;"> "<strong>The</strong>" is a definite article, it is used with singular and plural, and countable and uncountable nouns when both the speaker and listener would know the thing or idea already. </span><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><blockquote style="background-color: white; border: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px; margin: 2px; padding: 5px;">
<div style="padding: 0px;">
<span font="" style="background-color: #d5c8ff; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 15px;"> Example </span><br /><br /><span font="" style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 20px;">"Please pass me <strong>the</strong> pen" ( the one that we can both see.)<br /><br /><br />"<strong>The</strong> children I know grow up quickly" ( not all children, just the ones I know.)<br /><br /><br />"<strong>The</strong> poetry of Hopkins is beautiful" ( I'm only talking about the poetry Hopkins wrote.)<br /><br /></span></div>
</blockquote>
<br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><span font="" style="background-color: #fffdd7; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 20px;">More usages of "<strong>the</strong>" in English</span><span style="background-color: #fbfefe; font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;"> </span><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><span style="font-size: medium;">1. <strong>Rivers</strong>, <strong>mountain</strong> <strong>ranges</strong>, <strong>seas</strong>, <strong>oceans</strong> and <strong>geographic areas</strong> all use '<strong>the</strong>'.</span><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><span font="" style="background-color: #d5c8ff; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 15px;"> Example </span><span style="background-color: #fbfefe; font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;"> </span><span style="font-size: medium;">"<strong>The</strong> Thames", "<strong>The</strong> Alps", "<strong>The</strong> Atlantic Ocean", "<strong>The</strong> Middle East"</span><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><span style="font-size: medium;">2. Unique things have '<strong>the</strong>'.</span><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><span font="" style="background-color: #d5c8ff; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 15px;"> Example </span><span style="background-color: #fbfefe; font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;"> </span><span style="font-size: medium;"> "the Sun", "the Moon" ,"the Mars",</span><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><span style="font-size: medium;">3.<strong> Some institutional buildings</strong> don't have an article if you visit them for the reason these buildings exist. But if you go to the building for another reason, you must use '<strong>the</strong>'.</span><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><span font="" style="background-color: #d5c8ff; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 15px;"> Example </span><span style="background-color: #fbfefe; font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;"> </span><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><span style="font-size: medium;">"My son is in school." (He's a student.)<br />"I'm going to <strong>the</strong> school to see the head master."<br /><br />"She's in hospital at the moment." (She's ill.)<br />"Her husband goes to <strong>the</strong> hospital to see her every afternoon."</span><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><span style="font-size: medium;">4. Musical <strong>instruments</strong> use '<strong>the</strong>'.</span><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><span font="" style="background-color: #d5c8ff; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 15px;"> Example </span><span style="background-color: #fbfefe; font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;"> </span><span style="font-size: medium;">"She plays <strong>the</strong> piano."</span><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><span style="font-size: medium;">5. <strong>Countries</strong></span><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><span style="font-size: medium;">We don't use '<strong>a</strong>' if the country is singular. "He lives in England." But if the country's name has a "plural" meaning, we use '<strong>the</strong>'. "<strong>The</strong> People's Republic of China", "<strong>The</strong> Netherlands", "<strong>The</strong> United States of America".</span><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="color: red;">Note: Continents, towns and streets don't have an article.</span><br /></span><span style="background-color: #fbfefe; font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;"></span><span font="" style="background-color: #d5c8ff; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 15px;"> Example </span><span style="background-color: #fbfefe; font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;"> </span><span style="font-size: medium;">"Africa", "New York", "Church Street"</span><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><span style="font-size: medium;">6. <strong>Theatres</strong>, <strong>cinemas</strong> and <strong>hotels</strong> have '<strong>the</strong>'.</span><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><span font="" style="background-color: #d5c8ff; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 15px;"> Example </span><span style="background-color: #fbfefe; font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;"> </span><span style="font-size: medium;">"<strong>The</strong> Odeon", "<strong>The</strong> Almeira", "<strong>The</strong> Hilton"</span><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><span style="font-size: medium;">7. <strong>Abbreviations</strong> use '<strong>the</strong>'.</span><span style="background-color: #fbfefe; font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;"> </span><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><span font="" style="background-color: #d5c8ff; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 15px;"> Example </span><span style="background-color: #fbfefe; font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;"> </span><span style="font-size: medium;">"<strong>the</strong> UN", "<strong>the</strong> USA", "<strong>the</strong> IMF".</span><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><span style="font-size: medium;">8. We use '<strong>the</strong>' before classes of people.</span><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><span font="" style="background-color: #d5c8ff; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 15px;"> Example </span><span style="background-color: #fbfefe; font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;"> </span><span style="font-size: medium;">"<strong>the</strong> rich", "<strong>the</strong> poor", "<strong>the</strong> British".</span><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="color: red;">Note: No THE before abstract nouns used in general use.</span></span><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><span font="" style="background-color: #d5c8ff; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 15px;"> Example </span><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><span style="font-size: medium;">I love <strong>nature</strong>.</span><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><span style="font-size: medium;">Life is <strong>short</strong>.</span><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><span font="" style="background-color: #fffdd7; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 20px;">Pronunciation</span><span style="background-color: #fbfefe; font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;"> </span><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><span style="font-size: medium;"> According to the Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary, "<strong>the</strong>" is pronounced with a <strong>schwa</strong>(as in "uh") before words beginning with consonants (Example: <strong>b</strong>, <strong>c</strong>, <strong>d</strong>, <strong>f</strong>), and usually with a different vowel sound /i/ (as "<strong>y</strong>" in "eas<strong>y</strong>") before words beginning with vowels and in cases of proper nouns or emphasis. </span><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><hr size="1" style="color: #555555; font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" />
<span font="" style="background-color: #ffecec; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 30px;"><span style="border: 2px solid;"> Indefinite Articles </span></span><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><span style="font-size: medium;">"indefinite" means not sure, not certain in here. "<strong>Indefinite</strong>" is <strong>general</strong>.</span><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><span style="font-size: medium;"><strong>A</strong> and an are the indefinite articles. They refer to something not specifically known to the person you are communicating with.<br /><br /><strong>A</strong> and <strong>an</strong> are used before nouns that introduce something or someone you have not mentioned before.</span><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><blockquote style="background-color: white; border: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px; margin: 2px; padding: 5px;">
<div style="padding: 0px;">
<span font="" style="background-color: #d5c8ff; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 15px;"> Example </span><br /><br /><span style="font-size: medium;">"I saw <strong>an</strong> elephant this morning."<br /><br />"I ate <strong>a</strong> banana for lunch."</span><br /></div>
</blockquote>
<br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="color: red;">"<strong>An</strong>" is used is it comes after a word that starts with a vowel.</span></span><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><span font="" style="background-color: #d5c8ff; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 15px;"> Example </span><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><span style="font-size: medium;"><strong>a</strong> dog, <strong>a</strong> cat, <strong>an</strong> apple, <strong>an</strong> orange, but <strong><span style="color: red;">a</span></strong> university (<span style="color: red;">because the word university does not start with a phonetic vowel.</span>)</span><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><span style="background-color: #fbfefe; font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;"> </span><span style="font-size: medium;">"<strong>A</strong>" and "<strong>an</strong>" are used the same way grammatically. They are used before a singular noun, or before the adjective the represents the noun. </span><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><span style="font-size: medium;"><u>They can't be used with <strong><span style="color: red;">plural nouns</span></strong> or<strong><span style="color: red;"> uncountable nouns</span></strong>.</u></span><span style="background-color: #fbfefe; font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;"> </span><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><span style="font-size: medium;"><strong>A</strong> and <strong>an</strong> are also used when talking about your profession</span><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><blockquote style="background-color: white; border: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px; margin: 2px; padding: 5px;">
<div style="padding: 0px;">
<span font="" style="background-color: #d5c8ff; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 15px;"> Example </span><br /><br /><span style="font-size: medium;">"I am <strong>an</strong> English teacher."<br /><br />"I am <strong>a</strong> builder."</span></div>
</blockquote>
<br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><blockquote style="background-color: white; border: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px; margin: 2px; padding: 5px;">
<div style="padding: 0px;">
<span style="color: red;"><span style="font-size: large;">NOTE</span></span>:<br /><br /><span style="font-size: medium;">If the next word begins with a consonant sound when we say it, for example, "<strong>university</strong>" then we use <strong>a</strong>. If the next word begins with a <strong>vowel sound</strong> when we say it, for example "<strong>hour</strong>" then we use <strong>an</strong>.<br /><br />We say "<strong>university</strong>" with a "<strong>y</strong>" sound at the beginning as though it were spelt "<strong>y</strong>ouniversity".<br /><br />So, "<strong>a</strong> university" IS correct.<br /><br />We say "<strong>hour</strong>" with a <strong>silent h</strong> as though it were spelt "<strong>o</strong>ur".<br /><br />So, "<strong>an</strong> hour" IS correct.<br /><br />(Lots of people get this wrong - including native speakers.)</span></div>
</blockquote>
<br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><span font="" style="background-color: #fffdd7; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 20px;">More usages of "<strong>the</strong>" in English</span><span style="background-color: #fbfefe; font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;"> </span><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><span style="font-size: medium;">Illnesses <span style="color: red;">don't</span> have an article.<br />"He's got appendicitis."<br />But we say "<strong>a</strong> cold" and "<strong>a</strong> headache".</span><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><span style="font-size: medium;">Jobs use '<strong>a</strong>'.<br />"I'm <strong>a</strong> teacher."</span><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><span style="font-size: medium;">Sports <span style="color: red;">don't</span> have an article.<br />"He plays football."</span><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" />Anonymousnoreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8137807130381503687.post-10655510374943482942012-09-27T12:58:00.000+09:002012-09-27T12:58:21.571+09:00Adverbial Clauses 2<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEif4CNmEAhyphenhyphenNHSZxy6fkDtFYY_UsQmys5Uu-CcdBIGLTG2S6uBFqcqP3kBMlFgsThbS57cOVlDwMGdtzCM2IVq2Q5sdBETBWaTF-lvUYaft9A5EaVXEPoZbKIzYZx8kWYRNPuNSIL_ufFA/s1600/adverbial+clauses2.jpeg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEif4CNmEAhyphenhyphenNHSZxy6fkDtFYY_UsQmys5Uu-CcdBIGLTG2S6uBFqcqP3kBMlFgsThbS57cOVlDwMGdtzCM2IVq2Q5sdBETBWaTF-lvUYaft9A5EaVXEPoZbKIzYZx8kWYRNPuNSIL_ufFA/s1600/adverbial+clauses2.jpeg" /></a></div>
<div align="center" style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;">
<br /><br /><br /><strong><span style="font-size: large;">Adverbial Clauses 2</span></strong></div>
<br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><a name='more'></a><br /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><span font="" style="background-color: #fffdd7; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 30px;"><span style="border: 2px solid;"> Result clause </span></span><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><span style="background-color: #fbfefe; font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;"> </span><span style="font-size: medium;">When you want <u>to indicate the result (consequense) of an action or situation</u>, you can use a result clause.<br /><br /> Result clauses are introduced by conjunctions such as <strong>so</strong>, <strong>so... that</strong>, or <strong>such … that</strong>.</span><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><blockquote style="background-color: white; border: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px; margin: 2px; padding: 5px;">
<div style="padding: 0px;">
<strong><span style="font-size: medium;">subordinating conjunction of result</span></strong><br /><br /><span style="font-size: large;">・so<br />・so…that<br />・such…that</span></div>
</blockquote>
<br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><strong style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;"><span style="font-size: large;">so…that, so</span></strong><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><blockquote style="background-color: white; border: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px; margin: 2px; padding: 5px;">
<div style="padding: 0px;">
<span style="font-size: medium;">Subject + verb + <strong>so </strong>+ adjective/adverb + <strong>that</strong> + subject + verb + complement</span></div>
</blockquote>
<br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><blockquote style="background-color: white; border: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px; margin: 2px; padding: 5px;">
<div style="padding: 0px;">
<span font="" style="background-color: #ffffb7; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 15px;"><span style="border: 2px solid;"> Example </span></span><br /><br /><span style="font-size: medium;">・She is <strong>so</strong> hungry <strong>that</strong> she has lunch early.<br />・<strong>That</strong> she has lunch early, she is <strong>so</strong> hungry.<br />・He is <strong>so</strong> weak <strong>that</strong> he cannot walk.<br />・It was <strong>so</strong> hot <strong>that</strong> we didn’t go out.<br />・He spoke in such a low voice <strong>that</strong> we couldn’t hear anything.</span></div>
</blockquote>
<br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><strong style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;"><span style="font-size: large;">such…that</span></strong><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><blockquote style="background-color: white; border: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px; margin: 2px; padding: 5px;">
<div style="padding: 0px;">
<span style="font-size: medium;">Subject + verb + <strong>such</strong> + noun(s) + <strong>that</strong> + subject + verb + complement</span></div>
</blockquote>
<br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><blockquote style="background-color: white; border: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px; margin: 2px; padding: 5px;">
<div style="padding: 0px;">
<span font="" style="background-color: #ffffb7; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 15px;"><span style="border: 2px solid;"> Example </span></span><br /><br /><span style="font-size: medium;">・She acts such a rude manner that no man loves her.<br />・That no man loves her, she acts such a rude manner.<br />・There was such a lot of material to cover that Ivan found it difficult to keep up with his studies.</span></div>
</blockquote>
<br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><span font="" style="background-color: #fffdd7; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 30px;"><span style="border: 2px solid;"> Concessive / contrast clauses </span></span><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><span style="font-size: medium;">These clauses are used<u> to make two statements</u>, one of which contrasts with the other or makes it seem surprising.</span><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><blockquote style="background-color: white; border: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px; margin: 2px; padding: 5px;">
<div style="padding: 0px;">
<strong><span style="font-size: medium;">subordinating conjunction of concession</span></strong><br /><br /><span style="font-size: large;">・though<br />・although<br />・even though<br />・though<br />・while<br />・whereas</span></div>
</blockquote>
<br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><span style="font-size: medium;">They can be placed at the <strong>beginning</strong>, <strong>internally</strong> or at <strong>the end of the sentence.</strong><br /><br /> When placed at the <u>beginning or internally</u>, they serve to concede a certain part of an argument before proceeding to question the validity of the point in a given discussion. </span><span style="background-color: #fbfefe; font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;"></span><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><strong style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;"><span style="font-size: large;">Even though, though, although</span></strong><span style="background-color: #fbfefe; font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;"> </span><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><span style="font-size: medium;"> Notice how '<strong>though</strong>,<strong> even though</strong>' or '<strong>although</strong>' show a situation which is contrary to the main clause<u> to express opposition</u>.<br /><br />Even though, though and although are <strong>all synonyms</strong>.</span><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><blockquote style="background-color: white; border: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px; margin: 2px; padding: 5px;">
<div style="padding: 0px;">
<span font="" style="background-color: #ffffb7; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 15px;"><span style="border: 2px solid;"> Example </span></span><br /><br /><br /><span style="font-size: medium;">・<strong>Even though</strong> it was expensive, he bought the car.<br />・<strong>Though</strong> he loves doughnuts, he has given them up for his diet.<br />・<strong>Although</strong> he course was difficult, he passed with the highest marks.</span></div>
</blockquote>
<br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="color: red;">NOTE</span>:</span><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><span style="font-size: medium;">When the adverb clause <u>finishes the sentence</u> there is <u>no need for a <strong>comma</strong></u>.</span><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><blockquote style="background-color: white; border: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px; margin: 2px; padding: 5px;">
<div style="padding: 0px;">
<span font="" style="background-color: #ffffb7; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 15px;"><span style="border: 2px solid;"> Example </span></span><br /><br /><span style="font-size: medium;">・<strong>Even though</strong> the it was expensive, he bought the car.<br />・He bought the car<strong> even though</strong> it was expensive.</span></div>
</blockquote>
<br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><strong style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;"><span style="font-size: large;">while, whereas</span></strong><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><span style="font-size: medium;">'<strong>Whereas</strong>' and '<strong>while</strong>' show<u> clauses in <strong>direct opposition</strong> to each other.</u><br /><br /><span style="color: red;">Notice</span> that you <u>should always use a <strong>comma</strong> with '<strong>whereas</strong>' and '<strong>while</strong>'.</u></span><span style="background-color: #fbfefe; font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;"> </span><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><blockquote style="background-color: white; border: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px; margin: 2px; padding: 5px;">
<div style="padding: 0px;">
<span font="" style="background-color: #ffffb7; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 15px;"><span style="border: 2px solid;"> Example </span></span><br /><br /><span style="font-size: medium;">・<strong>Whereas</strong> you have lots of time to do your homework, I have very little time indeed.<br />・Mary is rich, <strong>while</strong> I am poor.</span></div>
</blockquote>
<br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><span font="" style="background-color: #fffdd7; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 30px;"><span style="border: 2px solid;"> Place clauses </span></span><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><span style="background-color: #fbfefe; font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;"> </span><span style="font-size: medium;">Place clauses define the location of the object of the main clause. Place conjunctions include <strong>where</strong> and <strong>in which</strong>.<br /><br /> They are generally placed<u> following a main clause</u> in order to define the location of the object of the main clause.</span><span style="background-color: #fbfefe; font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;"> </span><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><blockquote style="background-color: white; border: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px; margin: 2px; padding: 5px;">
<div style="padding: 0px;">
<strong><span style="font-size: medium;">subordinating conjunction of place</span></strong><br /><br /><span style="font-size: large;">・where<br />・wherever<br />・anywhere<br />・everywhere</span></div>
</blockquote>
<br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><blockquote style="background-color: white; border: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px; margin: 2px; padding: 5px;">
<div style="padding: 0px;">
<span font="" style="background-color: #ffffb7; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 15px;"><span style="border: 2px solid;"> Example </span></span><br /><br /><br /><span style="font-size: medium;">・He said he was happy <strong>where</strong> he was.<br />・I will never forget Seattle <strong>where</strong> I spent so many wonderful summers.<br />・Wherever you live, I will come to that place to live.<br />・He led the caravan, <strong>wherever</strong> he wanted to go.<br />・You can paste it <strong>wherever</strong> you like to be.<br />・Let him be arrested <strong>wherever</strong> he may be found.<br />・Let us go to <strong>where</strong> they asked us to wait</span></div>
</blockquote>
<br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><span font="" style="background-color: #fffdd7; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 30px;"><span style="border: 2px solid;"> clauses of manner </span></span><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><span style="font-size: medium;">clauses of manner are used to talk about someone's behaviour or the way something is done. </span><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><blockquote style="background-color: white; border: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px; margin: 2px; padding: 5px;">
<div style="padding: 0px;">
<strong><span style="font-size: medium;">subordinating conjunction of manner</span></strong><br /><br /><span style="font-size: large;">・as<br />・as if<br />・as though<br />・like<br />・the way</span></div>
</blockquote>
<br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><blockquote style="background-color: white; border: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px; margin: 2px; padding: 5px;">
<div style="padding: 0px;">
<span font="" style="background-color: #ffffb7; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 15px;"><span style="border: 2px solid;"> Example </span></span><br /><br /><span style="font-size: medium;">・I was never allowed to do things <strong>the way</strong> I wanted to do them.<br />・The boy speaks <strong>as if</strong> he is sick.<br />・<strong>As</strong> if he is sick, the boy speaks.<br />・I'll do the exercises <strong>as</strong> I've been taught.<br />・She cooks a turkey exactly <strong>as</strong> my mother did.<br />・He treats me <strong>as</strong> if I were a stranger.<br />・He looks <strong>as</strong> if he’s sick.<br />・He ran <strong>as</strong> though his life depended on it.</span></div>
</blockquote>
<br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><span font="" style="background-color: #fffdd7; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 30px;"><span style="border: 2px solid;"> Clauses of exclamations </span></span><span style="background-color: #fbfefe; font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;"> </span><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><span style="font-size: medium;">Exclamations are used to express <strong>anger</strong>, <strong>fear</strong>, <strong>shock</strong>, <strong>surprise</strong> etc.<br /><br />They <u>always take an exclamation mark (!!!!!!)</u>. </span><span style="background-color: #fbfefe; font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;"></span><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><blockquote style="background-color: white; border: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px; margin: 2px; padding: 5px;">
<div style="padding: 0px;">
<span font="" style="background-color: #ffffb7; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 15px;"><span style="border: 2px solid;"> Example </span></span><br /><br /><span style="font-size: medium;">・What horrible news!<br />・How fast she types!<br />・You lucky man!<br />・What beatiful flowers!</span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div>
</blockquote>
Anonymousnoreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8137807130381503687.post-9043408954103139282012-09-27T12:56:00.000+09:002012-09-27T12:56:36.687+09:00Adverbial Clauses 1<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhK8iMd1U_Xi0_fT_i61vWn_vvgM5PMWUl3aZ-iRIAnTkxAxwxCjO4FUKpG9J2KGiQirApYX4mgxTxM4g2VQii8AcyIe6wzzhXZs9mWXyEYt4mITG1er9qXyhXu9lisvxuzHDVF726AwPc/s1600/adverbial+clauses+1.jpeg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhK8iMd1U_Xi0_fT_i61vWn_vvgM5PMWUl3aZ-iRIAnTkxAxwxCjO4FUKpG9J2KGiQirApYX4mgxTxM4g2VQii8AcyIe6wzzhXZs9mWXyEYt4mITG1er9qXyhXu9lisvxuzHDVF726AwPc/s1600/adverbial+clauses+1.jpeg" /></a></div>
<div align="center" style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;">
<br /><br /><br /><strong><span style="font-size: large;">Adverbial Clauses 1</span></strong></div>
<br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><a name='more'></a><br /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><span font="" style="background-color: #ffecec; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 30px;"><span style="border: 2px solid;"> Adverbial clause </span></span><span style="background-color: #fbfefe; font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;"> </span><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><span style="font-size: medium;">An adverbial clause is a clause that functions as an adverb. In other words, it<u> contains<strong>subject</strong> (explicit or implied) and <strong>predicate</strong></u>, and it <u>modifies a verb</u>.</span><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><span style="background-color: #fbfefe; font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;"> </span><span style="font-size: medium;">Most adverb clauses can be recognized because they are introduced by a particular word or phrase (such as "<strong>when</strong>", "<strong>how often</strong>", <strong>where</strong> etc.). These words and phrases are called<strong><span style="color: blue;">subordinating conjunctions</span></strong>.</span><span style="background-color: #fbfefe; font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;"> </span><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><span font="" style="background-color: #ffffb7; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 30px;"><span style="border: 2px solid;"> Time clauses </span></span><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><span style="font-size: medium;">These clauses are used to say <u>when something happens by referring to a period of time or to another event.</u></span><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><blockquote style="background-color: white; border: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px; margin: 2px; padding: 5px;">
<div style="padding: 0px;">
<strong><span style="font-size: medium;">Subordination Conjunctions of time </span></strong><br /><br /><span style="font-size: medium;">・when<br />・before<br />・after<br />・while<br />・as<br />・by the time<br />・until (till)<br />・since<br />・as soon as<br />・whenever<br />・every time<br />・no sooner</span></div>
</blockquote>
<br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><strong style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;"><span style="font-size: large;">when</span></strong><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><span style="font-size: medium;"> '<strong>When</strong>' means '<u><strong>at</strong> that moment, <strong>at</strong> that time,</u> etc.'<br /><br /> <span style="color: red;">Notice</span> <u>the different tenses used in relationship to the clause beginning with when</u>.<br /><br /> It is <span style="color: red;">important</span> to remember that '<strong>when</strong>' takes either the <strong>simple past</strong> OR the <strong>present</strong> -<u> the dependent clause changes tense in relation to the '<strong>when</strong>' clause.</u> </span><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><blockquote style="background-color: white; border: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px; margin: 2px; padding: 5px;">
<div style="padding: 0px;">
<span font="" style="background-color: #ffffb7; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 15px;"><span style="border: 2px solid;"> Example </span></span><br /><br /><span style="font-size: medium;">・He <u>was talking</u> on the phone<strong> when I arrived</strong>.<br />・<strong>When she called</strong>, he<u> had already eaten </u>lunch.<br />・I <u>washed</u> the dishes <strong>when my daughter fell asleep</strong>.<br />・We<u>'ll go </u>to lunch<strong> when you come to visit.</strong></span></div>
</blockquote>
<br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><span style="background-color: #fbfefe; font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;"> </span><strong style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;"><span style="font-size: large;">Before</span></strong><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><span style="font-size: medium;">'Before' means '<u>before that moment'</u>.<br /><br />It is <span style="color: red;">important</span> to remember that '<strong>before</strong>' takes either the <strong>simple past</strong> OR the <strong>present</strong>.</span><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><blockquote style="background-color: white; border: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px; margin: 2px; padding: 5px;">
<div style="padding: 0px;">
<span font="" style="background-color: #ffffb7; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 15px;"><span style="border: 2px solid;"> Example </span></span><br /><br /><span style="font-size: medium;">・We<u> will finish</u> <strong>before he arrives</strong>.<br />・She <u>(had) left</u> <strong>before I telephoned</strong>.</span></div>
</blockquote>
<br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><strong style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;"><span style="font-size: large;">After</span></strong><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><span style="font-size: medium;">'<strong>After</strong>' means '<u>after that moment</u>'.<br /><br /> It is <span style="color: red;">important</span> to remember that '<strong>after</strong>' takes the <strong>present for future events</strong> and the <strong>past</strong>OR <strong>past perfect for past events</strong>.</span><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><blockquote style="background-color: white; border: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px; margin: 2px; padding: 5px;">
<div style="padding: 0px;">
<span font="" style="background-color: #ffffb7; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 15px;"><span style="border: 2px solid;"> Example </span></span><br /><br /><span style="font-size: medium;">・We <u>will finish</u> <strong>after he comes</strong>.<br />・She <u>ate</u> <strong>after I (had) left</strong>.</span></div>
</blockquote>
<br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><strong style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;"><span style="font-size: large;">While, as</span></strong><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><span style="background-color: #fbfefe; font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;"> </span><span style="font-size: medium;">'<strong>While</strong>' and '<strong>as</strong>' mean '<u>during that time</u>'.<br /><br />'<strong>While</strong>' and '<strong>as</strong>' are both usually used with the <strong>past continuous</strong> because the meaning of '<strong>during that time</strong>' which<u> indicates an action in <strong>progess</strong>.</u></span><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><blockquote style="background-color: white; border: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px; margin: 2px; padding: 5px;">
<div style="padding: 0px;">
<span font="" style="background-color: #ffffb7; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 15px;"><span style="border: 2px solid;"> Example </span></span><br /><br /><span style="font-size: medium;">・She <u>began</u> cooking <strong>while I was finishing my homework.</strong><br />・<strong>As I was finishing my homework</strong>, she <u>began</u> cooking.</span></div>
</blockquote>
<br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><strong style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;"><span style="font-size: large;">By the time</span></strong><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><span style="font-size: medium;">'<strong>By the time</strong>' expresses<u> the idea that one event has been completed before another.</u><br /><br /> It is <span style="color: red;">important</span> to<u> notice the use of the<strong> past perfect for past events</strong> and <strong>future perfect for future events</strong> in the main clause</u>.<br /><br />This is because of the<u> idea of something happening up to another point in time.</u></span><span style="background-color: #fbfefe; font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;"> </span><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><blockquote style="background-color: white; border: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px; margin: 2px; padding: 5px;">
<div style="padding: 0px;">
<span font="" style="background-color: #ffffb7; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 15px;"><span style="border: 2px solid;"> Example </span></span><br /><br /><span style="font-size: medium;">・<strong>By the time he finished,</strong> I <u>had cooked</u> dinner.<br />・We <u>will have finished</u> our homework <strong>by the time they arrive</strong>.</span></div>
</blockquote>
<br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><strong style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;"><span style="font-size: large;">Until, till</span></strong><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><span style="font-size: medium;">'<strong>Until</strong>' and '<strong>till</strong>' <u>express 'up to that time'.</u><br /><br />We use either the<strong> simple present</strong> or <strong>simple past</strong> with 'until' and 'till'. '<strong>Till</strong>' is <u>usually only used in spoken English</u>.</span><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><blockquote style="background-color: white; border: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px; margin: 2px; padding: 5px;">
<div style="padding: 0px;">
<span font="" style="background-color: #ffffb7; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 15px;"><span style="border: 2px solid;"> Example </span></span><br /><br /><span style="font-size: medium;">・We <u>waited</u> <strong>until he finished his homework</strong>.<br />・I'<u>ll wait</u><strong> till you finish</strong>.</span></div>
</blockquote>
<br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><strong style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;"><span style="font-size: large;">Since</span></strong><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><span style="font-size: medium;">'<strong>Since</strong>' means '<u>from that time</u>'.<br /><br />We use the <strong>present perfect (continuous)</strong> with 'since'. '<strong>Since</strong>' can also be used <u>with a specific point in time.</u></span><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><blockquote style="background-color: white; border: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px; margin: 2px; padding: 5px;">
<div style="padding: 0px;">
<span font="" style="background-color: #ffffb7; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 15px;"><span style="border: 2px solid;"> Example </span></span><br /><br /><span style="font-size: medium;">・I <u>have played</u> tennis <strong>since I was a young boy</strong>.<br />・They <u>have worked</u> here <strong>since 1987</strong>.</span></div>
</blockquote>
<br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><strong style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;"><span style="font-size: large;">As soon as</span></strong><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><span style="font-size: medium;">'<strong>As soon as</strong>' means '<u>when something happens - <strong>immediately</strong> afterwards</u>'.<br /><br /> '<strong>As soon as</strong>' is <u>very similar</u> to '<strong>when</strong>' it <strong>emphasizes</strong> that the event will <strong>occuri mmediately</strong> <u>after the other</u>.<br /><br />We usually use the <strong>simple present for future events</strong>, although <strong>present perfect</strong> can also be used.</span><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><blockquote style="background-color: white; border: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px; margin: 2px; padding: 5px;">
<div style="padding: 0px;">
<span font="" style="background-color: #ffffb7; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 15px;"><span style="border: 2px solid;"> Example </span></span><br /><br /><span style="font-size: medium;">・He <u>will let </u>us know<strong> as soon as he decides </strong>(or as soon as he <strong>has decided</strong>).<br />・<strong>As soon as I hear from Tom</strong>, I <u>will give</u> you a telephone call.</span></div>
</blockquote>
<br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><strong style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;"><span style="font-size: large;">Whenever, every time</span></strong><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><span style="font-size: medium;">'<strong>Whenever</strong>' and '<strong>every time</strong>' mean '<u>each time something happens</u>'.<br /><br /> We use the <strong>simple present</strong> (or the <strong>simple past in the past</strong>) because '<strong>whenever</strong>' and '<strong>every time</strong>' express <u>habitual action.</u></span><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><blockquote style="background-color: white; border: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px; margin: 2px; padding: 5px;">
<div style="padding: 0px;">
<span font="" style="background-color: #ffffb7; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 15px;"><span style="border: 2px solid;"> Example </span></span><br /><br /><span style="font-size: medium;">・<strong>Whenever he comes</strong>, we<u> go</u> to have lunch at "Dick's".<br />・We <u>take</u> a hike <strong>every time he visits</strong>.</span></div>
</blockquote>
<br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><strong style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;"><span style="font-size: large;">The first, second, third, fourth etc., next, last time</span></strong><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><span style="font-size: medium;"><strong>The first, second, third, fourth etc., next, last time</strong> means '<strong>that specific time</strong>'.<br /><br /> We can use <u>these forms to be<u> more specific</u> about which time of a number of times something happened.</u></span><span style="background-color: #fbfefe; font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;"> </span><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><blockquote style="background-color: white; border: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px; margin: 2px; padding: 5px;">
<div style="padding: 0px;">
<span font="" style="background-color: #ffffb7; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 15px;"><span style="border: 2px solid;"> Example </span></span><br /><br /><span style="font-size: medium;">・<strong>The first time I went to New York</strong>, I <u>was intimidated</u> by the city.<br />・I <u>saw</u> Jack <b>the last time I went to San Francisco.</b><br />・<strong>The second time I played tennis</strong>, I <u>began</u> to have fun.</span></div>
</blockquote>
<span font="" style="background-color: #fffdd7; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 30px;"><span style="border: 2px solid;"> Conditional clauses </span></span><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><span style="font-size: medium;">These clauses are <u>used to talk about a <strong>possible situation</strong> and its <strong>consequences</strong>.</u></span><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><blockquote style="background-color: white; border: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px; margin: 2px; padding: 5px;">
<div style="padding: 0px;">
<strong><span style="font-size: medium;">subordinating conjunction of condition</span></strong><br /><br /><span style="font-size: large;">・if<br />・even if<br />・whether or not<br />・unless<br />・in case (that)<br />・in the event (that)<br />・only if</span></div>
</blockquote>
<br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><strong style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;"><span style="font-size: large;">if</span></strong><span style="background-color: #fbfefe; font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;"> </span><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><span style="font-size: medium;">'<strong>If</strong>' clauses express the <strong>conditions necessary for the result</strong>.<br /><br />If clauses are followed by <u>expected results based on the condition</u>.</span><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><blockquote style="background-color: white; border: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px; margin: 2px; padding: 5px;">
<div style="padding: 0px;">
<span font="" style="background-color: #ffffb7; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 15px;"><span style="border: 2px solid;"> Example </span></span><br /><br /><span style="font-size: medium;">・<strong>If we win</strong>, we'<u>ll go</u> to Kelly's to celebrate!<br />・She <u>would buy</u> a house,<strong> if she had enough money.</strong></span></div>
</blockquote>
<br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><strong style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;"><span style="font-size: large;">Even if</span></strong><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><span style="font-size: medium;">In contrast to sentences with '<strong>if</strong>' sentences with '<strong>even if</strong>' show a <u>result that is <strong>unexpected</strong>based on the condition in the '<strong>even if</strong>' clause. </u></span><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><blockquote style="background-color: white; border: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px; margin: 2px; padding: 5px;">
<div style="padding: 0px;">
<span font="" style="background-color: #ffffb7; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 15px;"><span style="border: 2px solid;"> Example </span></span><br /><br /><span style="font-size: medium;">・<strong>If she studies hard</strong>, she <u>will pass </u>the exam.<br />・<strong>Even if she studies hard</strong>, she <u><span style="color: red;">won't</span> pass</u> the exam.<br />・<strong>Even if she saves a lot</strong>, she <u>won't be</u> able to afford that house.</span></div>
</blockquote>
<br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><strong style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;"><span style="font-size: large;">Whether or not</span></strong><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><span style="background-color: #fbfefe; font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;"> </span><span style="font-size: medium;">'<strong>Whether or not</strong>' expresses the <u>idea that <span style="color: red;">neither</span> <strong>one condition</strong> or <strong>another matters</strong>; <strong>the result will be the same.</strong></u><br /><br /><span style="color: red;">Notice</span> the <strong>possibility of inversion</strong> (Whether they have money or not) with 'whether or not'.</span><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><blockquote style="background-color: white; border: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px; margin: 2px; padding: 5px;">
<div style="padding: 0px;">
<span font="" style="background-color: #ffffb7; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 15px;"><span style="border: 2px solid;"> Example </span></span><br /><br /><span style="font-size: medium;">・They <u>won't be</u> able to come <strong>whether or not they have enough money.</strong><br />・<strong>Whether they have money or not</strong>, they <u>won't be</u> able to come.</span></div>
</blockquote>
<br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><strong style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;"><span style="font-size: large;">Unless</span></strong><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><span style="font-size: medium;">'<strong>Unless</strong>' expresses the i<u>dea of '<strong>if not</strong>'</u></span><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><span font="" style="background-color: #ffffb7; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 15px;"><span style="border: 2px solid;"> Example </span></span><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><span style="font-size: medium;">・<strong>Unless she hurries up</strong>, we <u>won't arrive</u> in time.</span><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><span style="font-size: medium;">MEANS THE SAME AS:<br /><br /><strong>If she doesn't hurry up</strong>, we <u>won't arrive</u> in time.<br /><br />'<strong>Unless</strong>' is <span style="color: red;">only</span> used in the <strong>first conditional</strong>.<br /></span><span style="background-color: #fbfefe; font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;"></span><blockquote style="background-color: white; border: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px; margin: 2px; padding: 5px;">
<div style="padding: 0px;">
<span font="" style="background-color: #ffffb7; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 15px;"><span style="border: 2px solid;"> Example </span></span><br /><br /><span style="font-size: medium;">・<strong>Unless she hurries up</strong>, we <u>won't arrive</u> in time.<br />・We <u>won't go</u> <strong>unless he arrives soon</strong>.</span></div>
</blockquote>
<br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><strong style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;"><span style="font-size: large;">In case (that), in the event (that)</span></strong><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><span style="font-size: medium;">'<strong>In case</strong>' and '<strong>in the event</strong>' usually mean that <u>you <strong>don't expect </strong>something to happen, but if it does...</u><br /><br />Both are used <u>primarily for future events</u>.</span><span style="background-color: #fbfefe; font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;"> </span><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><blockquote style="background-color: white; border: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px; margin: 2px; padding: 5px;">
<div style="padding: 0px;">
<span font="" style="background-color: #ffffb7; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 15px;"><span style="border: 2px solid;"> Example </span></span><br /><br /><span style="font-size: medium;">・<strong>In the case you need me,</strong> I<u>'ll be</u> at Tom's.<br />・I'<u>ll be studying</u> upstairs <strong>in the event he calls</strong>.</span></div>
</blockquote>
<br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><strong style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;"><span style="font-size: large;">Only if</span></strong><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><span style="background-color: #fbfefe; font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;"> </span><span style="font-size: medium;">'<strong>Only if</strong>' means '<u>only in the case that something happens - and only if</u>'. This form basically means the<u> same as '<strong>if</strong></u>'.<br /><br /> However, it does stress the condition for the result. <span style="color: red;">Note</span> that when <strong>'only if'</strong> begins the sentence <u>you <strong>need to invert (⇄)</strong> the main clause</u>.</span><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><blockquote style="background-color: white; border: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px; margin: 2px; padding: 5px;">
<div style="padding: 0px;">
<span font="" style="background-color: #ffffb7; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 15px;"><span style="border: 2px solid;"> Example </span></span><br /><br /><span style="font-size: medium;">・We<u>'ll give</u> you your bicycle <strong>only if you do well on your exams</strong>.<br />・<strong>Only if you do well on your exams</strong><u> will</u> we give you your bicycle.</span></div>
</blockquote>
<br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><span font="" style="background-color: #fffdd7; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 30px;"><span style="border: 2px solid;"> Purpse clauses </span></span><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><span style="font-size: medium;">Adverb clauses of purpose express<u> the purpose of the action mentioned in the main clause.</u>They are introduced by conjunctions like <strong>that</strong>, <strong>in order that</strong>, <strong>so that</strong> and <strong>lest</strong>.</span><span style="background-color: #fbfefe; font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;"></span><blockquote style="background-color: white; border: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px; margin: 2px; padding: 5px;">
<div style="padding: 0px;">
<strong><span style="font-size: medium;">subordinating conjunction of purpose</span></strong><br /><br /><span style="font-size: large;">・in order to<br />・so that<br />・in order that<br />・so as to<br />・lest</span></div>
</blockquote>
<br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><strong style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;"><span style="font-size: large;">in order to</span></strong><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><span style="font-size: medium;"><strong>In order to</strong> = <strong>to</strong>. It is used to express <strong>purpose</strong>.<br />It answers the question “<strong>Why</strong>”?</span><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><span style="font-size: medium;"> If we use '<strong>in order to</strong>' it sounds a bit <strong>more formal</strong> and explicit than to by itself, but<u> both are equally possible in both spoken and written English</u>.</span><span style="background-color: #fbfefe; font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;"> </span><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><blockquote style="background-color: white; border: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px; margin: 2px; padding: 5px;">
<div style="padding: 0px;">
<span font="" style="background-color: #ffffb7; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 15px;"><span style="border: 2px solid;"> Example </span></span><br /><br /><span style="font-size: medium;">・<strong>To cut the tree down,</strong> I <u>had to</u> hack through the undergrowth first.<br />・<strong>In order to cut the tree down,</strong> I <u>had to</u> hack through the undergrowth first.</span></div>
</blockquote>
<br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><span style="font-size: medium;">'<strong>In order to</strong>' is normal before a <strong>negative infinitive</strong>('<strong>not to</strong>'place not before the to- or zero infinitive ).<br />We do <span style="color: red;">not</span> usually <u>use to by itself here</u>:</span><span style="background-color: #fbfefe; font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;"> </span><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><blockquote style="background-color: white; border: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px; margin: 2px; padding: 5px;">
<div style="padding: 0px;">
<span font="" style="background-color: #ffffb7; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 15px;"><span style="border: 2px solid;"> Example </span></span><br /><br /><span style="font-size: medium;">・<strong>In order not to oversleep</strong>, I set the alarm for seven o’clock.<br />・I walked very slowly across the room with the drinks <strong>in order not to spill them</strong>.</span></div>
</blockquote>
<br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><span style="font-size: medium;">We can also use '<strong>so as to</strong>' instead of '<strong>in order to</strong>' and it carries the same degree of explicitness or formality:</span><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><blockquote style="background-color: white; border: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px; margin: 2px; padding: 5px;">
<div style="padding: 0px;">
<span font="" style="background-color: #ffffb7; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 15px;"><span style="border: 2px solid;"> Example </span></span><br /><br /><span style="font-size: medium;">・We moved house last year <strong>so as to be closer to our children and grandchildren</strong>.<br /><br />・I gave him a cheque in advance<strong> to ease his financial problems</strong> and <strong>so as not to delay the building work.</strong></span></div>
</blockquote>
<br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><span style="font-size: medium;">Before <strong>stative verbs</strong> (know, seem, appear, understand, have, etc,) it is <u>more usual to use<strong>'in order to'</strong> or <strong>'so as to'</strong></u>:</span><span style="background-color: #fbfefe; font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;"> </span><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><blockquote style="background-color: white; border: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px; margin: 2px; padding: 5px;">
<div style="padding: 0px;">
<span font="" style="background-color: #ffffb7; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 15px;"><span style="border: 2px solid;"> Example </span></span><br /><br /><span style="font-size: medium;">・I talked to them both for half an hour <strong>so as to have a thorough understanding of the problem.</strong><br /><br />・I followed her around all day<strong> in order to know whether she had any intention of meeting him</strong>.</span></div>
</blockquote>
<br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="color: red;">NOTE</span>:</span><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><span style="font-size: medium;">Don’t use '<strong>for</strong>' <u>with a verb to express purpose.</u><br />Sometimes we use for to express purpose but<strong> with a noun.</strong> </span><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><span style="font-size: medium;">・He went to Miami<strong> for business</strong>.</span><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><strong style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;"><span style="font-size: large;">So that.../ in order that ...</span></strong><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><span style="font-size: medium;">These structures are also <strong>frequently</strong> <u>used to talk about <strong>purpose</strong></u>, although <strong>'so that'</strong> is more common and less formal than <strong>'in order that'</strong>.</span><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="color: red;">NOTE</span>:</span><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><span style="font-size: medium;">these structures are normally <u>used with <strong>(modal) auxiliary verbs.</strong></u></span><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><span font="" style="background-color: #ffffb7; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 15px;"><span style="border: 2px solid;"> Example </span></span><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><span style="font-size: medium;">・He’s staying on in Australia for nine more months <strong>so that he <u>can</u> perfect his English</strong>.<br />・He’s staying on in Australia for nine more months<strong> in order to perfect his English.</strong><br /><br /><br />・We’re going to leave by three <strong>so that we <u>do</u>n’t get stuck in the rush-hour traffic.</strong><br />・We’re going to leave by three <strong>so as not to get stuck in the rush-hour traffic.</strong><br /><br /><br />・Jamie had an afternoon nap <strong>so that he <u>would</u>n’t fall asleep at the concert later.</strong><br />・Jamie had an afternoon nap <strong>in order not to fall asleep at the concert later.</strong><br /><br /><br />・<strong>In order that you<u> may</u> pass the exam</strong>, we recommend you read through all your notes.<br />(Very formal.)<br /><br />・<strong>In order to pass the exam</strong>, we recommend you read through all your notes.<br />(Less formal.)</span><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="color: red;">Note</span> that in<strong> informal colloquial English</strong>, that may<strong> be omitted</strong> from the <u><strong>so that</strong>construction</u>.</span><span style="background-color: #fbfefe; font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;"> </span><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><blockquote style="background-color: white; border: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px; margin: 2px; padding: 5px;">
<div style="padding: 0px;">
<span style="font-size: medium;">Listen out for this variation, though it wouldn’t be recommended that you use it:</span><br /><br /><br /><span font="" style="background-color: #ffffb7; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 15px;"><span style="border: 2px solid;"> Example </span></span><br /><br /><span style="font-size: medium;">・I’ll come early <u><span style="color: blue;">so</span> we can have a good chat before Denise arrives</u>.<br />・I’ve bought a video camera <u><span style="color: blue;">so</span> I can film the children as they grow up.</u><br />・We shall wear warm clothes when we go camping in October <u><span style="color: blue;">so</span> we don’t get cold.</u></span></div>
</blockquote>
<br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><span font="" style="background-color: #fffdd7; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 30px;"><span style="border: 2px solid;"> Reason clauses </span></span><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><span style="font-size: medium;">These clauses are used to<strong> indicate the reason</strong> for something.</span><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><blockquote style="background-color: white; border: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px; margin: 2px; padding: 5px;">
<div style="padding: 0px;">
<span style="font-size: medium;">subordinating conjunction of reason</span><br /><br /><br /><span style="font-size: large;">・because<br />・since<br />・as<br />・given<br />・in that<br />・inasmuch as ・seeing that / seeing as</span></div>
</blockquote>
<br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><blockquote style="background-color: white; border: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px; margin: 2px; padding: 5px;">
<div style="padding: 0px;">
<span font="" style="background-color: #ffffb7; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 15px;"><span style="border: 2px solid;"> Example </span></span><br /><br /><span style="font-size: medium;">・<strong>Because I spent it all yesterday</strong>, I don’t have any money.<br /><br />・<strong>Because I lost the tickets</strong>, we didn’t go to the cinema.<br /><br />・<strong>Because we didn’t have classes on Monday</strong>, we went to the lake .<br /><br />・<strong>Because my car was out of gas</strong>, we went to Ankara in Hasan’s car.<br /><br />・Nobody likes Ann at school <strong>since she is always having arguments with other students</strong> .<br /><br />・It surprised us that Mary got the promotion <strong>since she was not a good worker</strong> .<br /><br />・George cannot understand the clerk<strong> since his English is not good enough</strong>.<br /><br />・<strong>As I had never been to Japan</strong>, I brought a guide book with me.<br /><br />・He can walk to school <strong>as it is close to his home</strong>.<br /><br />・I borrowed some from my friend <strong>as I had no money for the concert.</strong><br /><br />・Now I've got a car, I don't get <strong>as much exercise as I used to</strong>.<br /><br />・She's enjoying the job <strong>now that she's got less responsibility.</strong><br /><br />・<strong>Now that we've heard all the arguments for and against the proposal,</strong> shall we vote on it?<br /><br />・<strong>Now that the finance has been secured</strong>, the production of the film is assured.<br /><br />・<strong>Now that we have cable</strong>, we get a wonderful picture.<br /><br />・We may as well go to the concert, <strong>seeing as we've already paid for the tickets.</strong><br /><br />・Thanks for cleaning up It's the least I can do,<strong> seeing as I'm staying here rent-free</strong>.<br /><br />・<strong>Seeing that he’s been off sick all week</strong> he’s unlikely to come today.<br /><br />・This research is important <strong>in that it confirms the link between aggression and alcohol</strong>.<br /><br />・The book is important<strong> in that it offers some intresting clues to the problem</strong>.<br /><br />・<strong>Inasmuch as you are their commander</strong>, you are responsible for the behaviours of these men.<br /><br />・<strong>Inasmuch as I already know you</strong>, I shall call you Jim, not James<br /><br />・He was a very unusual musician <strong>inasmuch as he was totally deaf</strong>.</span></div>
</blockquote>
<br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" />Anonymousnoreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8137807130381503687.post-42194898510420755222012-09-27T12:54:00.002+09:002012-09-27T12:54:22.346+09:00Adverbs 2<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhfWJ81gcb_EwxGK2f00rXyufRYPCsx9jpypJdeUdu-A9Hcf1yw0vRUWe7cf2YLXMSKMKEKP_G_7L2yC_GohEpKFDYAZUSj7CwTjFC9kNlF7D4bvGUDmU6-A4DLuR47thCGgELXdmkwgNk/s1600/adverb+2.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhfWJ81gcb_EwxGK2f00rXyufRYPCsx9jpypJdeUdu-A9Hcf1yw0vRUWe7cf2YLXMSKMKEKP_G_7L2yC_GohEpKFDYAZUSj7CwTjFC9kNlF7D4bvGUDmU6-A4DLuR47thCGgELXdmkwgNk/s1600/adverb+2.jpg" /></a></div>
<div align="center" style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;">
<br /><br /><br /><strong><span style="font-size: large;">Adverbs 2</span></strong></div>
<br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br /><a name='more'></a><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><span font="" style="background-color: #ffecec; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 30px;"><span style="border: 2px solid;"> Position of Adverbs </span></span><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><span font="" style="background-color: #fffdd7; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 20px;"> Adverbs of Manner </span><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><span style="font-size: medium;">(slowly, carefully, awfully, loudly, well…)</span><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><span style="font-size: medium;">1.Adverbs of manner normally go in <u>end position</u> (at the <u>end of a clause</u>).</span><span style="background-color: #fbfefe; font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;"> </span><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><blockquote style="background-color: white; border: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px; margin: 2px; padding: 5px;">
<div style="padding: 0px;">
<span font="" style="background-color: #ffffb7; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 15px;"><span style="border: 2px solid;"> Example </span></span><br /><br /><span style="font-size: large;">・She wrote the letter <strong>well</strong>.<br />・You talked <strong>loudly</strong>.<br />・She swam <strong>slowly</strong>.<br />・He peneterated it <strong>skillfully</strong>.<br />・She speaks English <strong>well</strong>.</span></div>
</blockquote>
<br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><span style="font-size: medium;">2.An adverb of manner modifying an <strong>adjective</strong> or <strong>another adverb</strong> normally goes<u> before it</u>.</span><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><blockquote style="background-color: white; border: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px; margin: 2px; padding: 5px;">
<div style="padding: 0px;">
<span font="" style="background-color: #ffffb7; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 15px;"><span style="border: 2px solid;"> Example </span></span><br /><br /><span style="font-size: large;">・The man is <strong>seriously</strong> mad.<br />・I was <strong>terribly</strong> cold.</span></div>
</blockquote>
<br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="color: red;">Notes</span>:</span><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><span style="font-size: medium;">1. Adverbs of manner can come in mid position if the adverb is not important to the meaning of the verb.</span><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><blockquote style="background-color: white; border: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px; margin: 2px; padding: 5px;">
<div style="padding: 0px;">
<span font="" style="background-color: #ffffb7; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 15px;"><span style="border: 2px solid;"> Example </span></span> <span style="font-size: large;">・She <strong>angrily</strong> tore up the letter.<br />(The manner in which she tore up the letter is not important.)<br /><br />・His health <strong>slowly</strong> began to improve.</span></div>
</blockquote>
<br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><span style="font-size: medium;">2. If there is a <u><strong>preposition</strong> before the object</u>, we can place<u> the adverb either before the preposition or after the object.</u></span><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><blockquote style="background-color: white; border: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px; margin: 2px; padding: 5px;">
<div style="padding: 0px;">
<span font="" style="background-color: #ffffb7; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 15px;"><span style="border: 2px solid;"> Example </span></span><br /><br /><span style="font-size: large;">・The man walked <strong>happily</strong> towards his home.<br />・The man walked towards his home <strong>happily</strong>.</span></div>
</blockquote>
<br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><span style="font-size: medium;">3. To <u><strong>emphasize</strong> the point</u>, <strong>sometimes</strong>, an adverb of manner is placed<u> before the main verb</u>.</span><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><blockquote style="background-color: white; border: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px; margin: 2px; padding: 5px;">
<div style="padding: 0px;">
<span font="" style="background-color: #ffffb7; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 15px;"><span style="border: 2px solid;"> Example </span></span><br /><br /><span style="font-size: large;">・He <strong>gently</strong> woke up the woman.</span></div>
</blockquote>
<br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><blockquote style="background-color: white; border: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px; margin: 2px; padding: 5px;">
<div style="padding: 0px;">
<span style="font-size: medium;">4. <u>Some writers</u> put adverbs of manner at the<strong> beginning of a sentence</strong><u> to catch our attention</u>.</span><br /><br /><br /><span style="font-size: large;">・<strong>Happily</strong> Tom went home.<br />・<strong>Slowly</strong> he walked away.</span></div>
</blockquote>
<br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><span font="" style="background-color: #fffdd7; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 20px;"> Adverbs of Place </span><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><span style="font-size: large;">(here, there, behind, above, ahead, upstairs, out, away…)</span><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><span style="font-size: medium;">They are normally placed at the end of a clause.</span><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><blockquote style="background-color: white; border: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px; margin: 2px; padding: 5px;">
<div style="padding: 0px;">
<span font="" style="background-color: #ffffb7; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 15px;"><span style="border: 2px solid;"> Example </span></span><br /><br /><span style="font-size: large;">・She took him <strong>out</strong>.<br />・They all went <strong>away</strong>.<br />・We went <strong>ahead</strong>.<br />・The children were playing <strong>upstairs</strong>.<br />・He jumped <strong>out</strong>. </span></div>
</blockquote>
<br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><span style="font-size: medium;">They can also come at the beginning of a clause. This is common in <strong>literary writing</strong>.</span><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><blockquote style="background-color: white; border: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px; margin: 2px; padding: 5px;">
<div style="padding: 0px;">
<span font="" style="background-color: #ffffb7; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 15px;"><span style="border: 2px solid;"> Example </span></span><br /><br /><span style="font-size: large;">・<strong>On the hilltop</strong> an old castle stood majestically.<br />・<strong>At around the corner</strong> there is a big banyan tree.<br />・<strong>Out</strong> he jumped.<br />・<strong>Upstairs</strong> the children were playing.</span></div>
</blockquote>
<br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><span font="" style="background-color: #fffdd7; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 20px;"> Adverbs of Place </span><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><span style="font-size: large;">(recently, now, then, yesterday, tomorrow…)</span><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><span style="font-size: medium;">Adverbs of time are usually put at the <strong>end of the sentence</strong>.</span><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><blockquote style="background-color: white; border: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px; margin: 2px; padding: 5px;">
<div style="padding: 0px;">
<span font="" style="background-color: #ffffb7; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 15px;"><span style="border: 2px solid;"> Example </span></span><br /><br /><span style="font-size: large;">・I met him <strong>yesterday</strong>.<br />・He died <strong>last year</strong>.<br />・They are leaving for England <strong>tomorrow</strong>.<br />・He visits us <strong>daily</strong>.<br />・I haven't seen him <strong>lately</strong>.</span></div>
</blockquote>
<br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><span style="font-size: medium;"> If you don't want to put <strong>emphasis</strong> <u>on the time</u>, you can also put the adverb of time at the<strong>beginning of the sentence</strong>.</span><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><blockquote style="background-color: white; border: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px; margin: 2px; padding: 5px;">
<div style="padding: 0px;">
<span font="" style="background-color: #ffffb7; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 15px;"><span style="border: 2px solid;"> Example </span></span><br /><br /><span style="font-size: large;">・<strong>Yesterday</strong> I met him.<br />・<strong>Tomorrow</strong> I am leaving for the US.</span></div>
</blockquote>
<br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><span font="" style="background-color: #fffdd7; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 20px;"> Adverbs of Frequency </span><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><span style="font-size: large;">(always, never, seldom, usually…)</span><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><span style="background-color: #fbfefe; font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;"> </span><span style="font-size: medium;">Adverbs of frequency are put directly <strong>before the main verb</strong>.<br /><br /> If '<strong>be</strong>' <u>is the main verb and there is no auxiliary verb</u>, adverbs of frequency are put<strong>behind 'be'.</strong> Is there an<strong> auxiliary verb</strong>, however, adverbs of frequency are put <strong>before '<strong>be</strong>'.</strong></span><span style="background-color: #fbfefe; font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;"></span><blockquote style="background-color: white; border: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px; margin: 2px; padding: 5px;">
<div style="padding: 0px;">
<span font="" style="background-color: #ffffb7; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 15px;"><span style="border: 2px solid;"> Example </span></span><br /><br /><span style="font-size: large;">I <strong>often</strong> go swimming in the evenings.<br />He doesn't <strong>always</strong> play tennis.<br />We are <strong>usually</strong> here in summer.<br />I have <strong>never</strong> been abroad.</span></div>
</blockquote>
<br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><span font="" style="background-color: #fffdd7; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 20px;"> Adverbs of Degree </span><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><span style="font-size: large;">(almost, little, enough, much, too, so, rather, quite, nearly, just, too, hardly, very…)</span><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><span style="font-size: medium;"> Adverbs of degree normally come in<strong> mid position with the verb</strong>.<br /> They are placed<u> after the auxiliary verbs and before other verbs</u>.<br /> If there are<strong> two auxiliary verbs</strong>, the adverb comes<strong> after the first</strong>.</span><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><blockquote style="background-color: white; border: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px; margin: 2px; padding: 5px;">
<div style="padding: 0px;">
<span font="" style="background-color: #ffffb7; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 15px;"><span style="border: 2px solid;"> Example </span></span><br /><br /><span style="font-size: large;">・He had <strong>hardly</strong> begun.<br />(auxiliary verb + adverb + main verb)<br /><br />・My work is <strong>almost</strong> finished.<br />(is/am/are/was/were + adverb)<br /><br />・I <strong>just</strong> asked.<br />(adverb + main verb)<br /><br />・She <strong>hardly</strong> realized what she was doing.<br />(adverb + main verb)<br /><br />・He is <strong>entirely</strong> right.<br />(is/am/are/was/were + adverb)<br /><br />・She was <strong>rather</strong> busy.<br />(is/am/are/was/were + adverb)</span></div>
</blockquote>
<br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><span style="font-size: medium;">An adverb of degree qualifying an adjective or another adverb normally goes before it.</span><span style="background-color: #fbfefe; font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;"> </span><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><blockquote style="background-color: white; border: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px; margin: 2px; padding: 5px;">
<div style="padding: 0px;">
<span font="" style="background-color: #ffffb7; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 15px;"><span style="border: 2px solid;"> Example </span></span><br /><br /><span style="font-size: large;">・She is <strong>very</strong> beautiful.<br />・Those mangoes were <strong>very</strong> sweet.<br />・I am <strong>extremely</strong> sorry.</span></div>
</blockquote>
<br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><span style="font-size: medium;"><strong>Enough</strong> is an exception to this rule. It is placed <strong>after the adjective or adverb</strong> it qualifies.</span><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><blockquote style="background-color: white; border: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px; margin: 2px; padding: 5px;">
<div style="padding: 0px;">
<span font="" style="background-color: #ffffb7; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 15px;"><span style="border: 2px solid;"> Example </span></span><br /><br /><span style="font-size: large;">・You are not old <strong>enough</strong><u> to marry</u>.<br />・This is good <strong>enough</strong> <u>to be true</u>.</span></div>
</blockquote>
<br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><span font="" style="background-color: #fffdd7; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 20px;"> Adverbs of probably </span><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><span style="font-size: large;">(certainly, definitely, probably, undoubtedly, clearly, obviously…)</span><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><span style="background-color: #fbfefe; font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;"> </span><span style="font-size: medium;">Adverbs of probably usually go in <strong>mid position</strong>.<br /> They are placed a<u>fter auxiliary verbs and before other verbs.</u><br /> When there are<u> two or more auxiliaries</u>, the adverb goes <strong>after the first</strong>.</span><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><blockquote style="background-color: white; border: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px; margin: 2px; padding: 5px;">
<div style="padding: 0px;">
<span font="" style="background-color: #ffffb7; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 15px;"><span style="border: 2px solid;"> Example </span></span><br /><br /><span style="font-size: large;">・He is <strong>undoubtedly</strong> a great leader.<br />(is/am/are/was/were + adverb)<br /><br />・She will <strong>probably</strong> come.<br />(auxiliary verb + adverb + main verb)<br /><br />・It will <strong>certainly</strong> rain this evening.<br />(auxiliary verb + adverb + main verb)<br /><br />・I <strong>certainly</strong> feel better today.<br />(adverb + main verb)<br /><br />・You have <strong>definitely</strong> been working too hard.<br />(first auxiliary + adverb + second auxiliary + other verb)</span></div>
</blockquote>
<br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><span style="font-size: medium;"><strong>Perhaps</strong> and <strong>maybe</strong> are <span style="color: red;">exceptions</span> to this rule.<br /><u>They usually go at the <strong>beginning of a clause.</strong></u></span><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><blockquote style="background-color: white; border: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px; margin: 2px; padding: 5px;">
<div style="padding: 0px;">
<span font="" style="background-color: #ffffb7; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 15px;"><span style="border: 2px solid;"> Example </span></span><br /><br /><span style="font-size: large;">・<strong>Perhaps</strong> she will come.<br />・<strong>Maybe</strong> you are right.</span></div>
</blockquote>
<br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><span font="" style="background-color: #fffdd7; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 20px;"> Focusing Adveb </span><span style="background-color: #fbfefe; font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;"> </span><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><span style="font-size: large;">(also, just, even, only, mainly, mostly, either, neither etc.)</span><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><span style="font-size: medium;"> As focusing adverbs point to a<u> particular part of a sentence</u>, the meaning <u>conveyed often depends upon their position.</u> It is best to place them <u>in front of and next to the word or words modified by them</u>.</span><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><blockquote style="background-color: white; border: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px; margin: 2px; padding: 5px;">
<div style="padding: 0px;">
<span font="" style="background-color: #ffffb7; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 15px;"><span style="border: 2px solid;"> Example </span></span><br /><br /><span style="font-size: large;">・<strong>Only</strong> John helped me to buy the house.</span><br /><span style="font-size: medium;">(= Only John and no one else helped me.)</span><br /><br /><span style="font-size: large;">・John <strong>only</strong> helped me to buy the house.</span><br /><span style="font-size: medium;">(= John helped me to buy the house, but<u> didn't actually buy it for me.</u>)</span></div>
</blockquote>
<br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="color: blue;">Points</span>:</span><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><span style="font-size: medium;">1.In English we <span style="color: red;">never</span> <u>put an adverb between the <strong>verb</strong> and the <strong>object</strong>.</u></span><span style="background-color: #fbfefe; font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;"> </span><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><blockquote style="background-color: white; border: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px; margin: 2px; padding: 5px;">
<div style="padding: 0px;">
<span font="" style="background-color: #ffffb7; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 15px;"><span style="border: 2px solid;"> Example </span></span><br /><br /><span style="font-size: large;">・We <span style="color: blue;">often</span> play soccer.(<span style="color: blue;">correct</span>)<br /><br />・We play <span style="color: red;"><s>often</s></span> soccer.(<span style="color: red;">incorrect</span>)</span></div>
</blockquote>
<br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><strong style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;"><span style="font-size: medium;">2.The three main positions of adverbs in English sentences</span></strong><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><blockquote style="background-color: white; border: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px; margin: 2px; padding: 5px;">
<div style="padding: 0px;">
<strong><span style="font-size: medium;">1. Adverb at the beginning of a sentence</span></strong><br /><span style="font-size: medium;">・<strong>Unfortunately</strong>, we could not see Mount Snowdon.</span><br /><br /><strong><span style="font-size: medium;">2. Adverb in the middle of a sentence</span></strong><br /><span style="font-size: medium;">・The children <strong>often</strong> ride their bikes.</span><br /><br /><strong>3. Adverb at the end of a sentence</strong><br /><span style="font-size: medium;">・Andy reads a comic <strong>every afternoon</strong>.</span></div>
</blockquote>
<br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><strong style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;"><span style="font-size: medium;">3.More than one adverb at the end of a sentence</span></strong><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><span style="font-size: medium;">If there are <u>more adverbs at the end of a sentence</u>, the word order is <strong>normally</strong>:</span><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><span style="font-size: large;"><strong><span style="color: blue;">Manner</span></strong> ▶ <strong><span style="color: lime;">Place</span></strong> ▶ <strong><span style="color: #ff6600;">Time</span></strong></span><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><span style="font-size: large;">・Peter sang the song <strong><span style="color: blue;">happily</span> <span style="color: lime;">in the bathroom</span> <span style="color: #ff6600;">yesterday</span> evening</strong>.</span><span style="background-color: #fbfefe; font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;"> </span><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><span font="" style="background-color: #ffecec; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 30px;"><span style="border: 2px solid;"> Comparison of Adverbs </span></span><span style="background-color: #fbfefe; font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;"> </span><span style="font-size: medium;">Adverbs, like adjectives, have three degrees of comparison </span><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><span style="font-size: large;"><strong>・positive<br />・comparative<br />・ superlative</strong></span><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><span style="background-color: #fbfefe; font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;"> </span><span style="font-size: medium;">Short adverbs having just <strong>one syllable</strong> form the comparative and the superlative by the addition of –<strong>er</strong> and –<strong>est</strong> to the positive.</span><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><blockquote style="background-color: white; border: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px; margin: 2px; padding: 5px;">
<div style="padding: 0px;">
<strong><span style="font-size: medium;">1. all adverbs with one syllable</span></strong><br /><br /><span style="font-size: large;">・hard - harder - (the) hardest</span><br /><strong><span style="font-size: large;">・high - higher - highest<br />・fast - faster - fastest</span></strong></div>
</blockquote>
<br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><blockquote style="background-color: white; border: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px; margin: 2px; padding: 5px;">
<div style="padding: 0px;">
<span style="font-size: medium;">2. <strong>early</strong></span><br /><br /><span style="font-size: large;">・early - earlier - earliest</span></div>
</blockquote>
<br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><strong style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;"><span style="font-size: medium;">2.Adverbs ending in –ly</span></strong><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><span style="font-size: medium;">Adverbs which end in –<strong>ly</strong> take "<strong>more</strong>" for the comparative and "<strong>most</strong>" for the superlative.</span><span style="background-color: #fbfefe; font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;"> </span><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><blockquote style="background-color: white; border: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px; margin: 2px; padding: 5px;">
<div style="padding: 0px;">
<span style="font-size: large;">・carefully - <strong>more</strong> carefully - <strong>most</strong> carefully<br /><br />・happily - <strong>more</strong> happily - <strong>most</strong> happily<br /><br />・certainly - <strong>more</strong> certainly - <strong>most</strong> certainly<br /><br />・joyfully - <strong>more</strong> joinfully - <strong>most</strong> joinfully</span></div>
</blockquote>
<br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><strong style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;"><span style="font-size: medium;">3.Irregular adverbs</span></strong><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><blockquote style="background-color: white; border: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px; margin: 2px; padding: 5px;">
<div style="padding: 0px;">
<span style="font-size: large;">・well - better - best<br />・badly - worse - worst<br />・much - more - most<br />・little - less - least<br />・late - later - last<br />・far - farther (further) - farthest (furthest)</span></div>
</blockquote>
<br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="color: red;">Note</span>:</span><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><span style="font-size: medium;">In <strong>informal English</strong> some adverbs are used without -<strong>ly</strong><br />There are two forms of comparison possible, depending on the form af the adverb:</span><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: blue;">formal</span> cheaply - more cheaply - most cheaply<br /><span style="color: red;">informal</span> cheap - cheaper - cheapest</span><span style="background-color: #fbfefe; font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;"> </span><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br />
<div>
<span style="background-color: #fbfefe; font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;"><br /></span></div>
Anonymousnoreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8137807130381503687.post-188028758780511812012-09-27T12:29:00.001+09:002012-09-27T12:29:05.688+09:00Adverbs 1<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-SR9lxHyNA80/UGPH62gsWAI/AAAAAAAABgY/jOr3tSroDr8/s1600/adverb1.jpeg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-SR9lxHyNA80/UGPH62gsWAI/AAAAAAAABgY/jOr3tSroDr8/s1600/adverb1.jpeg" /></a></div>
<div align="center" style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;">
<br /><br /><br /><br /><strong><span style="font-size: large;">Adverbs 1</span></strong></div>
<br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><a name='more'></a><br /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><span font="" style="background-color: #ffecec; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 30px;"><span style="border: 2px solid;"> Adverb </span></span><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><span style="font-size: medium;">Adverbs tell us in what way someone does something.</span><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><span style="font-size: large;">Adverbs can modify:</span><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><span style="font-size: large;">・<strong>verbs</strong></span><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><span style="font-size: medium;">(He <u>ran</u> <strong>slowly</strong>. - How did he run?)</span><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><span style="font-size: large;">・<strong>adjectives</strong> (including numbers)</span><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><span style="font-size: medium;">(He <u>drove</u> a very fast car. - How fast was his car?)</span><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><span style="font-size: large;">・<strong>clauses</strong></span><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><span style="font-size: medium;">( You seem very happy<strong> when you help other people.</strong>)</span><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><span style="font-size: large;">・<strong>sentences</strong></span><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><span style="font-size: medium;">(<strong>Unfortunately</strong>, we couldn't see the man.)</span><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><span style="font-size: large;">・<strong>other adverbs</strong></span><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><span style="font-size: medium;">(She moved quite slowly down the aisle. ― How slowly did she move?)</span><span style="background-color: #fbfefe; font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;"> </span><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><span style="background-color: #fbfefe; font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;"> </span><span style="font-size: large;">Adverbs typically answer questions such as:<br /><br />・how?<br />・in what way?<br />・when?<br />・where?<br />・to what extent?</span><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><span font="" style="background-color: #fffdd7; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 30px;"> Forms of Adverbs </span><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><span style="font-size: medium;">1. In most cases, an adverb is formed by <u>adding '-<strong>ly</strong>' to an adjective</u>:</span><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><blockquote style="background-color: white; border: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px; margin: 2px; padding: 5px;">
<div style="padding: 0px;">
<span font="" style="background-color: #ffffb7; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 15px;"><span style="border: 2px solid;"> Example </span></span><br /><br /><span style="font-size: large;">quick ▶ quick<strong>ly</strong><br /><br />slow ▶ slow<strong>ly</strong><br /><br />great ▶ great<strong>ly</strong></span><br /><br /><br /><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="color: red;">Note</span>:<br /><span style="color: red;">Not</span> all words ending in -<strong>ly</strong> are adverbs.<br /><br />・<strong>Adjectives</strong> ending in -<strong>ly</strong>: friendly, silly, lonely, ugly<br />・<strong>Nouns</strong>, ending in -<strong>ly</strong>: ally, bully, Italy, melancholy<br />・<strong>Verbs</strong>, ending in -<strong>ly</strong>: apply, rely, supply</span></div>
</blockquote>
<br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><span style="font-size: medium;">1-1.If the adjective ends in '-<strong>y</strong>', replace the '<strong>y</strong>' with '<strong>i</strong>' and add '-<strong>ly</strong>':</span><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><blockquote style="background-color: white; border: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px; margin: 2px; padding: 5px;">
<div style="padding: 0px;">
<span font="" style="background-color: #ffffb7; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 15px;"><span style="border: 2px solid;"> Example </span></span><br /><br /><span style="font-size: large;">easy ▶ easi<strong>ly</strong><br /><br />angry ▶ angri<strong>ly</strong><br /><br />happy ▶ happi<strong>ly</strong><br /><br />lucky ▶ luckil<strong>y</strong></span></div>
</blockquote>
<br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><span style="font-size: medium;">1-2.If the adjective ends in -'<strong>able</strong>', '-<strong>ible</strong>', or '-<strong>le</strong>', replace the '-<strong>e</strong>' with '-<strong>y</strong>':</span><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><blockquote style="background-color: white; border: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px; margin: 2px; padding: 5px;">
<div style="padding: 0px;">
<span font="" style="background-color: #ffffb7; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 15px;"><span style="border: 2px solid;"> Example </span></span><br /><br /><span style="font-size: large;">probable ▶ probab<strong>ly</strong><br />horrible ▶ horrib<strong>ly</strong><br />gentle ▶ gent<strong>ly</strong></span></div>
</blockquote>
<br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><span style="font-size: medium;">1-3.If the adjective ends in '-<strong>ic</strong>', add '-<strong>ally</strong>':</span><span style="background-color: #fbfefe; font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;"> </span><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><blockquote style="background-color: white; border: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px; margin: 2px; padding: 5px;">
<div style="padding: 0px;">
<span font="" style="background-color: #ffffb7; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 15px;"><span style="border: 2px solid;"> Example </span></span><br /><br /><span style="font-size: large;">basic ▶ basic<strong>ally</strong><br />economic ▶ economic<strong>ally</strong><br />tragic ▶ tragic<strong>ally</strong> </span><br /><br /><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="color: red;">Note</span>: Exception: public ▶ public<strong>ly</strong></span></div>
</blockquote>
<br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><span style="font-size: medium;">2. Some adverbs have the <strong>same form as the adjective</strong>:</span><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><blockquote style="background-color: white; border: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px; margin: 2px; padding: 5px;">
<div style="padding: 0px;">
<span font="" style="background-color: #ffffb7; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 15px;"><span style="border: 2px solid;"> Example </span></span><br /><br /><span style="font-size: large;">early ▶ early<br />fast ▶ fast<br />hard ▶ hard<br />high ▶ high<br />late ▶ late<br />near ▶ near<br />straight ▶ straight<br />wrong ▶ wrong</span></div>
</blockquote>
<br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><span style="font-size: medium;">3. <strong>Well</strong> and <strong>good</strong></span><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><span style="font-size: medium;">'<strong>Well</strong>' is the adverb that corresponds to the adjective '<strong>good</strong>'.</span><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><blockquote style="background-color: white; border: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px; margin: 2px; padding: 5px;">
<div style="padding: 0px;">
<span font="" style="background-color: #ffffb7; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 15px;"><span style="border: 2px solid;"> Example </span></span><br /><br /><span style="font-size: large;">good ▶ well</span></div>
</blockquote>
<br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><span font="" style="background-color: #fffdd7; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 30px;"> Types of adverbs </span><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><span style="font-size: large;">1. Adverbs of <strong>manner</strong> </span><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><span style="font-size: medium;"> Adverbs of manner describe<u> how something happens</u>. Where <u>there are two or more verbs in a sentence, adverb placement affects the meaning.</u><br />- answer the question <strong>How?</strong></span><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><blockquote style="background-color: white; border: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px; margin: 2px; padding: 5px;">
<div style="padding: 0px;">
<span style="font-size: large;">・correctly<br />・eagerly<br />・easily<br />・loudly<br />・pariently<br />・quietly<br />・quickly<br />・kindly<br />・well<br />・carefully<br />・cheerfully<br />・fast<br />・quickly<br />・slowly<br />・inadequately<br />・healthy</span><br /><br /><br /><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="color: #006600;">Tips</span>:</span><span style="font-size: medium;">She decided to write her paper. (no adverbs)<br />She <strong><span style="color: blue;">quickly</span></strong> decided to write her paper. (<strong>her decision</strong> was quick)<br />She decided to write her paper <strong><span style="color: blue;">quickly</span></strong>. (<strong>her writing</strong> was quick)</span></div>
</blockquote>
<br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><span style="font-size: large;">2. Adverbs of <strong>degree</strong></span><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><span style="font-size: medium;">Adverbs of degree tell us the strength or intensity of something that happens. Many adverbs are gradable, that is, we can intensify them.<br />- Answer the question <strong>How much?,or How little?</strong></span><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><blockquote style="background-color: white; border: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px; margin: 2px; padding: 5px;">
<div style="padding: 0px;">
<span style="font-size: large;">・extreamly<br />・greatly<br />・highly<br />・hugely<br />・perfectly<br />・practically<br />・strongly<br />・totally<br />・too<br />・completely<br />・almost<br />・entirely<br />・little<br />・much<br />・rather<br />・very<br />・really<br />・immensly</span></div>
</blockquote>
<br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><span style="font-size: large;">3. Adverbs of <strong>place</strong> </span><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><span style="font-size: medium;">Adverbs of place indicate where something happens.</span><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><span style="font-size: medium;">Most adverbs of place are also used as prepositions. </span><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><span style="font-size: medium;">- answer the question <strong>Where?</strong></span><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><blockquote style="background-color: white; border: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px; margin: 2px; padding: 5px;">
<div style="padding: 0px;">
<span style="font-size: large;">・above<br />・away<br />・below<br />・down<br />・here<br />・inside<br />・up<br />・abroad<br />・anywhere<br />・downstairs<br />・here<br />・home<br />・in<br />・nowhere<br />・out<br />・outside<br />・somewhere<br />・there<br />・underground<br />・upstairs</span></div>
</blockquote>
<br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><span style="font-size: large;">4. Adverbs of <strong>time</strong></span><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><span style="font-size: medium;">Adverbs of time describe when something happens.</span><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><span style="font-size: medium;">- answer the question <strong>When</strong>?</span><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><blockquote style="background-color: white; border: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px; margin: 2px; padding: 5px;">
<div style="padding: 0px;">
<span style="font-size: large;">・early<br />・lately<br />・never<br />・often<br />・today<br />・after<br />・already<br />・during<br />・finally<br />・just<br />・last<br />・later<br />・next<br />・now<br />・recently<br />・soon<br />・then<br />・tomorrow<br />・when<br />・while<br />・yesterday</span></div>
</blockquote>
<br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><span style="font-size: large;">5.Adverbs of <strong>purpose</strong></span><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><span style="font-size: medium;">describe why something <strong>happens</strong>. </span><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><blockquote style="background-color: white; border: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px; margin: 2px; padding: 5px;">
<div style="padding: 0px;">
<span style="font-size: large;">・so<br />・so that<br />・to<br />・in order to<br />・because<br />・since<br />・accidentally<br />・intentionally<br />・purposely</span></div>
</blockquote>
<br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><span style="font-size: large;">6.Adverbs of <strong>Probability</strong></span><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><span style="font-size: medium;">Adverbs of probability are used to express <u>how likely it is for something to happen:</u></span><span style="background-color: #fbfefe; font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;"> </span><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><blockquote style="background-color: white; border: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px; margin: 2px; padding: 5px;">
<div style="padding: 0px;">
<span style="font-size: large;">・certainly<br />・conceivably<br />・definitely<br />・doubtlessly<br />・hopefully<br />・maybe<br />・perhaps<br />・possibly<br />・presumably<br />・probably<br />・undeniably</span></div>
</blockquote>
<br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><span style="font-size: large;">7.Adverbs of <strong>duration</strong></span><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><span style="font-size: medium;">Adverbs of duration indicate how long something happened.</span><span style="background-color: #fbfefe; font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;"> </span><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><blockquote style="background-color: white; border: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px; margin: 2px; padding: 5px;">
<div style="padding: 0px;">
<span style="font-size: large;">・always<br />・briefly<br />・ceaselessly<br />・forever<br />・incessantly<br />・indefinitely<br />・long<br />・momentarily<br />・permanently<br />・temporarily</span></div>
</blockquote>
<br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><span style="font-size: large;">8.Adverbs of <strong>emphasis</strong></span><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><span style="font-size: medium;">The following connectors introduce clauses and phrases expressing emphasis.</span><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><blockquote style="background-color: white; border: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px; margin: 2px; padding: 5px;">
<div style="padding: 0px;">
<span style="font-size: large;">・absolutely<br />・certainly<br />・definitely<br />・emphatically<br />・indeed<br />・positively<br />・quite<br />・really<br />・simply<br />・truly<br />・in fact<br />・even<br />・even if<br />・even though</span></div>
</blockquote>
<br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><span style="font-size: large;">9. Adverbs of <strong>frequency</strong></span><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><span style="font-size: medium;">Adverbs of frequency describe how often something happens.</span><span style="background-color: #fbfefe; font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;"> </span><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><blockquote style="background-color: white; border: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px; margin: 2px; padding: 5px;">
<div style="padding: 0px;">
<span style="font-size: large;">・always<br />・nearly always<br />・almost always<br />・every<br />・never<br />・often<br />・rarely<br />・seldom<br />・sometimes<br />・usually<br />・constantly<br />・occasionally<br />・frequently<br />・infrequently<br />・hardly ever<br />・scarcely ever<br />・almost neve<br />・now and then<br />・once in a while<br />・periodically<br />・generally<br />・normally<br />・regularly</span></div>
</blockquote>
<br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><span style="font-size: large;">10.Interrogative adverbs </span><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><span style="font-size: medium;">Interrogative adverbs are used at the beginning of questions.</span><span style="background-color: #fbfefe; font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;"> </span><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><blockquote style="background-color: white; border: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px; margin: 2px; padding: 5px;">
<div style="padding: 0px;">
<span style="font-size: large;">・why ・when ・where ・how</span></div>
</blockquote>
<br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><span style="font-size: large;">11.Conjunctive adverb</span><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><span style="background-color: #fbfefe; font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;"> </span><span style="font-size: medium;">conjunctive adverbs are adverbs that connects two clauses. Conjunctive adverbs show<strong>cause</strong> and <strong>effect</strong>, <strong>sequence</strong>, <strong>contrast</strong>, <strong>comparison</strong>, or <strong>other relationships</strong>.</span><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><blockquote style="background-color: white; border: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px; margin: 2px; padding: 5px;">
<div style="padding: 0px;">
<span style="font-size: large;">・however<br />・therefore<br />・thereafter<br />・accordingly<br />・also<br />・anyhow<br />・furthermore<br />・moreover<br />・otherwise<br />・still<br />・additionally<br />・anyway<br />・again<br />・yet<br />・thus<br />・now<br />・otherwise<br />・rather<br />・similarly<br />・next<br />・meanwhile<br />・identically<br />・in fact<br />・incidentally<br />・indeed<br />・instead<br />・finally<br />・further<br />・furthermore<br />・elsewhere<br />・equally<br />・besides<br />・certainly</span></div>
</blockquote>
<br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><span style="font-size: large;">12.Focusing Adverbs (Focusing Adjunct)</span><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><span style="font-size: medium;">An adverb that<u> focuses on a particular part of the sentence.</u><br />A few focusing adverbs are <u>prepositional phrases</u>.</span><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><blockquote style="background-color: white; border: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px; margin: 2px; padding: 5px;">
<div style="padding: 0px;">
<span font="" style="background-color: #ffffb7; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 15px;"><span style="border: 2px solid;"> Example </span></span><br /><br /><span style="font-size: large;">・also<br />・just<br />・even<br />・only<br />・mainly<br />・mostly<br />・either<br />・neither</span></div>
</blockquote>
<br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" />Anonymousnoreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8137807130381503687.post-18927659316775152012-09-27T12:26:00.005+09:002021-06-06T09:12:36.598+09:00Relative (adjective) Clause <br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhyYRzUikxtulrTKMpiLm_HcS0rYvpaz4YJlYe8LYO-mswffZ9fHxJsTEf43D1hv3FiHzD7elPokGxFsG5G6H5_YqzJikvRXiWn593C4R2aYEBMOnquxg7LCldj_zK-XiYZa4OF4DCn5EU/s1600/adjective+clause1.jpeg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhyYRzUikxtulrTKMpiLm_HcS0rYvpaz4YJlYe8LYO-mswffZ9fHxJsTEf43D1hv3FiHzD7elPokGxFsG5G6H5_YqzJikvRXiWn593C4R2aYEBMOnquxg7LCldj_zK-XiYZa4OF4DCn5EU/s1600/adjective+clause1.jpeg" /></a></div>
<div align="center" style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;">
<br /><br /><br /><strong><span style="font-size: large;">Adjective (Relative) clause</span></strong></div>
<div align="center" style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;">
<strong><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></strong></div>
<div align="center" style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;">
<strong><span style="font-size: large;"><a name='more'></a><br /></span></strong></div>
<div align="center" style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;">
<strong><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></strong></div>
<span font="" style="background-color: #ffecec; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 30px;"><span style="border: 2px solid;"> Adjective clause (Relative clause) </span></span><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><span style="background-color: #fbfefe; font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;"> </span><span style="font-size: medium;">An adjective clause is a <strong>dependent clause</strong> that contains a <strong>subject</strong> and a <strong>verb</strong>. It <strong>describes</strong>, <strong>identifies</strong>, or <strong>gives</strong> further information about a <strong>noun (pronoun)</strong>. </span><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><span style="font-size: medium;">Adjective Clauses are introduced by the following words: <strong>who</strong>, <strong>whom</strong>, <strong>whose</strong>, <strong>which</strong>, <strong>that</strong>, <strong>where</strong>, or <strong>when</strong>.</span><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><blockquote style="background-color: white; border: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px; margin: 2px; padding: 5px;">
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div style="padding: 0px;">
<span font="" style="background-color: #ffb98e; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 15px;"><span style="border: 2px solid;"> Points </span></span><br /><br /><br /><span style="font-size: medium;">1. It will contain a <strong>subject</strong> and <strong>verb</strong>. (<strong>S</strong>+<strong>V</strong>)</span><br /><br /><br /><span style="font-size: medium;">2. it will begin with a <strong>relative pronoun</strong> or a <strong>relative adverb</strong>.</span><br /><br /><br /><span font="" style="background-color: #fffdd7; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 20px;"><span style="border: 2px solid;"> Relative pronoun </span></span><br /><br /><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhDNv4rMOFQnn00O5hGsXQ7f7CDIuWuaClJQJkC6fnvAHJfxviL5cJayW8EEwr6NKjsLBxD7-TXG8DfF5eL2udFj_TSh68wVCrhRHmUJFse8bOqKaZ_Kfr2a9Z0MLGbngwy2G_Mzc6p9us/s1600/adjective+clause2.jpeg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em; text-align: center;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhDNv4rMOFQnn00O5hGsXQ7f7CDIuWuaClJQJkC6fnvAHJfxviL5cJayW8EEwr6NKjsLBxD7-TXG8DfF5eL2udFj_TSh68wVCrhRHmUJFse8bOqKaZ_Kfr2a9Z0MLGbngwy2G_Mzc6p9us/s1600/adjective+clause2.jpeg" /></a><br /><br /><br /><span font="" style="background-color: #fffdd7; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 20px;"><span style="border: 2px solid;"> Relative adverb </span></span><br /><br /> <br /><a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-323itlNilCw/UGPGUSgfv_I/AAAAAAAABf0/Q5ihgJpaJ6Y/s1600/adjective+clause3.jpeg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em; text-align: center;"><img border="0" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-323itlNilCw/UGPGUSgfv_I/AAAAAAAABf0/Q5ihgJpaJ6Y/s1600/adjective+clause3.jpeg" /></a><br /><br /><span style="font-size: medium;">3. It will function as an <strong>adjective</strong>, answering questions</span><br /><br /><span style="font-size: medium;">Such as :<br /><strong>・What kind?<br />・How many?<br />・Which one?</strong></span></div>
</blockquote>
<br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><span style="font-size: medium;">The adjective clause will follow one of these<strong> two patterns</strong>:</span><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><strong style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;"><span style="font-size: large;">Pattern 1:</span></strong><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><b><br /></b></span>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-uPlISyCXqtc/UGPGVX55xVI/AAAAAAAABf8/WbhGjqyZYB8/s1600/adjective+clause4.jpeg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-uPlISyCXqtc/UGPGVX55xVI/AAAAAAAABf8/WbhGjqyZYB8/s1600/adjective+clause4.jpeg" /></a></div>
<span style="font-size: large;"><b><br style="line-height: 18px;" /></b></span><br />
<blockquote style="background-color: white; border: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px; margin: 2px; padding: 5px;">
<div style="padding: 0px;">
<span font="" style="background-color: #ffffb7; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 15px;"><span style="border: 2px solid;"> Example </span></span><br /><span style="font-size: medium;">・Do you know the boy <u><strong>whose</strong> mother is a nurse</u>?<br />・The day <u><strong>when</strong> we met him</u> was very cold.<br />・I was invited by the professor<u> <strong>whom</strong> I met at the conference.</u><br />・That's <u><strong>why</strong> I hate you</u>.</span></div>
</blockquote>
<br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><strong style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;"><span style="font-size: large;">Pattern 2:</span></strong><span style="background-color: #fbfefe; font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;"> </span><br />
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-FejlwpfGSmY/UGPGWErsm0I/AAAAAAAABgE/gstZyRZl-0Q/s1600/adjective+clause5.jpeg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-FejlwpfGSmY/UGPGWErsm0I/AAAAAAAABgE/gstZyRZl-0Q/s1600/adjective+clause5.jpeg" /></a></div>
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" />
<blockquote style="background-color: white; border: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px; margin: 2px; padding: 5px;">
<div style="padding: 0px;">
<span font="" style="background-color: #ffffb7; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 15px;"><span style="border: 2px solid;"> Example </span></span><br /><span style="font-size: medium;">・I told you about the woman <u><strong>who</strong> lives next door</u>.<br />・Do you see the cat <u><strong>which</strong> is lying on the roof</u>?<br />・He couldn’t read <u><strong>which</strong> surprised me</u>.<br />・I don’t like the car <u><strong>that</strong> parked on the street</u> .</span></div>
</blockquote>
<br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><span font="" style="background-color: #fffdd7; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 30px;"><span style="border: 2px solid;"> How to Form Relative Clauses </span></span><span style="background-color: #fbfefe; font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;"> </span><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><span style="font-size: medium;">Imagine, a girl is talking to Tom. You want to know who she is and ask a friend whether he knows her. You could say:</span><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><strong style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;"><span style="font-size: large;">A girl is talking to Tom. Do you know the girl?</span></strong><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><span style="font-size: medium;">That sounds rather complicated, doesn't it? It would be easier with a relative clause: you put both pieces of information into one sentence. Start with the most important thing – you want to know who the girl is.</span><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><strong style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;"><span style="font-size: large;">Do you know the girl …</span></strong><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><span style="font-size: medium;">As your friend cannot know which girl you are talking about, you need to put in the additional information – the girl is talking to Tom. Use „<strong>the girl</strong>“ only in the first part of the sentence, in the second part <u>replace it with the <strong>relative pronoun</strong></u> (for <strong>people</strong>, use the relative pronoun „<strong>who</strong>“). So the final sentence is:</span><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><strong style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;"><span style="font-size: large;">Do you know the girl <span style="color: blue;">who</span> is talking to Tom?</span></strong><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><hr size="1" style="color: #555555; font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" />
<span font="" style="background-color: #fffdd7; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 30px;"><span style="border: 2px solid;"> Prepositions that Come before Adjective Clauses </span></span><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><span style="background-color: #fbfefe; font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;"> </span><span style="font-size: medium;">Sometimes the verb in an adjective clause must have a <strong>preposition</strong> used with it (a <strong>phrasal verb</strong>). In this case, the last word of the sentence may be a preposition.<br /><br /> In<strong> spoken English</strong>, this is <strong>fine</strong>. However, <u>in formal written English, the <strong>preposition</strong> is usually moved to the <strong>beginning of the clause</strong>.</u></span><span style="background-color: #fbfefe; font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;"> </span><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><blockquote style="background-color: white; border: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px; margin: 2px; padding: 5px;">
<div style="padding: 0px;">
<span font="" style="background-color: #ffffb7; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 15px;"><span style="border: 2px solid;"> Example </span></span><br /><span style="font-size: medium;">・He was the man<strong> to whom</strong> I was referring. <span style="color: blue;">formal</span><br />・He was the man <strong>whom</strong> I was referring <strong>to</strong>. <span style="color: red;">informal</span></span><br /><br /><span style="font-size: medium;">・There are a number of ways <strong>by which</strong> a message can be sent. <span style="color: blue;">formal</span><br />・There are a number of ways <strong>which</strong> a message can be sent <strong>by</strong>. <span style="color: red;">informal</span></span></div>
</blockquote>
<br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><span font="" style="background-color: #fffdd7; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 30px;"><span style="border: 2px solid;"> Omission of the Relative Pronoun </span></span><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><span style="font-size: medium;"> Sometimes the relative pronoun may <strong>be omitted</strong> from an adjective clause.<br /><br /> The relative pronouns <strong>which</strong>, <strong>that</strong>, <strong>who</strong>, and <strong>whom</strong> can be omitted <u>when they are the<strong> object of the adjective clause</strong>.</u></span><span style="background-color: #fbfefe; font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;"> </span><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><blockquote style="background-color: white; border: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px; margin: 2px; padding: 5px;">
<div style="padding: 0px;">
<span font="" style="background-color: #ffffb7; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 15px;"><span style="border: 2px solid;"> Example </span></span><br /><span style="font-size: medium;">・The man <strong>whom</strong> I met was a Native American.(Object)<br />・<u>The man I met</u> was a Native American.<br /><br />・<u>The drumbeat <strong>that</strong> I heard</u> was a signal. (object)<br />・<u>The drumbeat I heard</u> was a signal.<br /></span></div>
</blockquote>
<br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><span style="font-size: medium;">When the relative pronoun is the <strong>subject of the relative clause</strong>, it<u> can<span style="color: red;">not</span> be omitted.</u></span><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><blockquote style="background-color: white; border: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px; margin: 2px; padding: 5px;">
<div style="padding: 0px;">
<span font="" style="background-color: #ffffb7; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 15px;"><span style="border: 2px solid;"> Example </span></span><br /><span style="font-size: medium;">・<u>The man <strong>who</strong> played the drums</u> was from West Africa. (subject)</span><br /><span style="font-size: medium;">・<s>The man played the drums</s> was from West Africa. (<span style="color: red;">incorrect</span>)</span></div>
</blockquote>
<br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><span font="" style="background-color: #fffdd7; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 30px;"><span style="border: 2px solid;"> Reduced Adjective Clauses </span></span><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><span style="font-size: medium;"> Adjective clauses can be reduced to phrases. An adjective phrase does not contain either a subject or a verb, and it modifies a noun.<br /><br /> Also, only <u>adjective clauses that have a <strong>subject pronoun</strong></u> – <strong>who</strong>, <strong>which</strong>, or <strong>that</strong> –<u> can be reduced</u>. There are<u> two ways to reduce an adjective clause</u>:</span><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><span style="font-size: large;">1.The<strong> subject pronoun</strong> and <strong>the "be" form of the verb</strong> are omitted.</span><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><blockquote style="background-color: white; border: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px; margin: 2px; padding: 5px;">
<div style="padding: 0px;">
<span font="" style="background-color: #ffffb7; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 15px;"><span style="border: 2px solid;"> Example </span></span><br /><span style="font-size: medium;">・Clause: The man <u><strong>who</strong> is playing</u> is my friend.<br />・Phrase: The man <strong>playing</strong> is my friend.("<strong>who is</strong>" is omitted. )</span><br /><br /><span style="font-size: medium;">・Clause: The signals, <u><strong>which</strong> are given</u>, are simple.<br />・Phrase: The signals <strong>given</strong> are simple.("<strong>which are</strong>" is omitted.)</span></div>
</blockquote>
<br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><span style="font-size: large;">2. When there is <span style="color: red;">no</span> form of "<strong>be</strong>" in the adjective clause, you may omit the <strong>subject pronoun</strong> and change the verb to the “–<strong>ing</strong>” form (<strong>participle</strong>).</span><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><blockquote style="background-color: white; border: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px; margin: 2px; padding: 5px;">
<div style="padding: 0px;">
<span font="" style="background-color: #ffffb7; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 15px;"><span style="border: 2px solid;"> Example </span></span><br /><br /><br /><span style="font-size: medium;">・Clause: Anyone <u><strong>who</strong> wants to get the news</u> can listen to the message.<br />・Phrase: Anyone <u><strong>wanting</strong> to get the news</u> can listen to the message.<br />("<strong>who</strong>" is omitted and "<strong>wants</strong>" is changed to "wanting")</span><br /><br /><span style="font-size: medium;">・Clause: His alphabet, <u><strong>which</strong> consists of 85 sounds</u>, was an important invention for his people.<br />・Phrase: His alphabet, <u><strong>consisting</strong> of 85 sounds</u>, was an important invention for his people.<br />("<strong>which</strong>" is omitted and "<strong>consists</strong>" is changed to "<strong>consisting</strong>")</span></div>
</blockquote>
<br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><span font="" style="background-color: #fffdd7; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 30px;"><span style="border: 2px solid;"> Restrictive and Non-restrictive Relative clause </span></span><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><span style="font-size: medium;">( Also called Defining and Non-defining)</span><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><blockquote style="background-color: white; border: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px; margin: 2px; padding: 5px;">
<div style="padding: 0px;">
<strong><span style="font-size: medium;">Restrictive means</span></strong> :<br /><br /><span style="font-size: medium;">-<strong>necessary</strong><br />– <strong>essential</strong> to the meaning <br />– <strong>limits</strong> or <strong>defines</strong> the word it modifies<br />– <strong>therefore</strong>, it should <span style="color: red;">not</span> be bracketed off by <strong>commas</strong></span></div>
</blockquote>
<br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><blockquote style="background-color: white; border: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px; margin: 2px; padding: 5px;">
<div style="padding: 0px;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><strong>Non-restrictive means:</strong></span><br /><br /><span style="font-size: medium;">– <strong>extra</strong><br />– <u><strong>non-essential</strong> to the meaning</u><br />– <strong>interesting</strong>, <strong>helpful</strong>, but <strong><span style="color: red;">not</span> necessary</strong><br />– does <span style="color: red;">not</span> <strong>limit</strong> or <strong>define</strong> <u>the word it modifies</u><br />– <strong>therefore</strong>, it can be bracketed off by <strong>commas</strong></span></div>
</blockquote>
<br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><span style="background-color: #fbfefe; font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;"> </span><span style="font-size: medium;">An English <strong>non-restrictive</strong> relative clause is preceded by a <u>pause in speech</u> or a<u> comma in writing</u>, whereas a <strong>restrictive</strong> clause normally is <span style="color: red;">not</span>.<br /><br /> Compare the following sentences, <u>which have two quite different meanings</u>, and correspondingly two clearly distinguished <strong>intonation patterns</strong>, depending on whether the <strong>commas </strong>are inserted:</span><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><blockquote style="background-color: white; border: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px; margin: 2px; padding: 5px;">
<div style="padding: 0px;">
<span font="" style="background-color: #ffffb7; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 15px;"><span style="border: 2px solid;"> Example </span></span><br /><br /><span style="font-size: medium;">1.The builder, <strong>who erects very fine houses</strong>, will make a large profit.<br /><br />2.The builder <strong>who erects very fine houses</strong> will make a large profit.</span></div>
</blockquote>
<br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><span style="background-color: #fbfefe; font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;"> </span><span style="font-size: medium;">The <strong>1st example</strong>, <u>with <strong>commas</strong></u>, and with <strong>3 short intonation curves</strong>, contains a <strong>non-restrictive relative clause</strong>. It refers to a <u><strong>specific</strong> builder, and assumes we know which builder is intended.</u> It tells us firstly about his houses, then about his profits.<br /><br /> The <strong>2nd example</strong> uses a <strong>restrictive relative clause</strong>. <u>Without the <strong>commas</strong>, and with a<strong> single intonation curve</strong>,</u> the sentence states that <u>any builder who builds such houses</u> will make profits.</span><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: red;">NOTE</span>:</span><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><span style="font-size: medium;">In <strong>non-restrictive relative clauses</strong>, who/<strong>which</strong> may <span style="color: red;">not</span> be replaced with <strong>that</strong>.<br /><br />Object pronouns in<strong> non-restrictive relative clauses</strong><u> must be used.</u></span><span style="background-color: #fbfefe; font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;"> </span><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br /><br /><br /><a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-O2bjA6x2HOk/UGPGXVxZG9I/AAAAAAAABgQ/6699WBbW5n4/s1600/adjective+clause6.jpeg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em; text-align: center;"><img border="0" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-O2bjA6x2HOk/UGPGXVxZG9I/AAAAAAAABgQ/6699WBbW5n4/s1600/adjective+clause6.jpeg" /></a><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" />Anonymousnoreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8137807130381503687.post-71515173321725579682012-09-27T07:47:00.001+09:002012-09-27T07:47:12.299+09:00Adjectives 2<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/--xxmAmNYeCM/UGOF3HW25ZI/AAAAAAAABfM/HMeLmt-hyQY/s1600/adjective2.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/--xxmAmNYeCM/UGOF3HW25ZI/AAAAAAAABfM/HMeLmt-hyQY/s1600/adjective2.jpg" /></a></div>
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<strong style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;"><span style="font-size: large;"> Adjective 2</span></strong><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><span style="font-size: medium;">・Comparative Adjectives<br />・Superlative Adjectives</span><span style="background-color: #fbfefe; font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;"> </span><br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<a name='more'></a><br /><br />
<br />
<span font="" style="background-color: #ffecec; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 30px;"><span style="border: 2px solid;"> Comparative Adjectives </span></span><br />
<br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" />
<br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" />
<span style="background-color: #fbfefe; font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;"> </span><span style="font-size: medium;">When we talk about<strong> two things</strong>, we can "<strong>compare</strong>" them. We can see if they are the same or different. Perhaps they are the same in some ways and different in other ways. We can use <strong>comparative adjectives</strong> <u>to describe the differences</u>.</span><span style="background-color: #fbfefe; font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;"> </span><br />
<br />
<blockquote style="background-color: white; border: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px; margin: 2px; padding: 5px;">
<div style="padding: 0px;">
<span font="" style="background-color: #ffb98e; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 15px;"><span style="border: 2px solid;"> Points </span></span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: medium;">・Comparative adjectives are used to compare<strong> 2 nouns</strong>.<br /><br />・To state that one noun has more of something then the 2nd noun.</span></div>
</blockquote>
<br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" />
<br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" />
<br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" />
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="color: red;">NOTE</span>:</span><span style="background-color: #fbfefe; font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;"> </span><span style="font-size: medium;"> Superlative adjectives are used to compare 3 or more nouns.</span><br />
<br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" />
<br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" />
<blockquote style="background-color: white; border: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px; margin: 2px; padding: 5px;">
<div style="padding: 0px;">
<span font="" style="background-color: #ffffb7; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 15px;"><span style="border: 2px solid;"> Example </span></span><br />
<br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: medium;">・The black dog is <strong>older than</strong> the white dog.<br />・My house is <strong>bigger than</strong> my sister's house.<br />・The yellow hat is<strong> more expensive than</strong> the green hat.</span></div>
</blockquote>
<br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" />
<br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" />
<br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" />
<span font="" style="background-color: #fffdd7; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 30px;"><span style="border: 2px solid;"> Forming the comparative </span></span><br />
<br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" />
<br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" />
<span font="" style="background-color: #d7fffd; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 20px;"><span style="border: 2px solid;"> 1.Words of <strong>one syllable</strong> ending in '<strong>e</strong>'. </span></span><br />
<br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" />
<br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" />
<span style="font-size: large;">Add -<strong>r</strong> to the end of the word.</span><br />
<br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" />
<blockquote style="background-color: white; border: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px; margin: 2px; padding: 5px;">
<div style="padding: 0px;">
<span font="" style="background-color: #ffffb7; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 15px;"><span style="border: 2px solid;"> Example </span></span><br />
<br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: large;">・wide - wide<strong>r</strong><br />・late - late<strong>r</strong><br />・large - large<strong>r</strong><br />・wise - wise<strong>r</strong></span></div>
</blockquote>
<br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" />
<br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" />
<br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" />
<span font="" style="background-color: #d7fffd; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 20px;"><span style="border: 2px solid;"> 2.Words of one syllable, with one vowel and one consonant at the end. </span></span><br />
<br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" />
<span style="font-size: large;"><strong>Double the consonant</strong> and <u>add -<strong>er</strong> to the end of the word</u>.</span><br />
<br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" />
<br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" />
<blockquote style="background-color: white; border: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px; margin: 2px; padding: 5px;">
<div style="padding: 0px;">
<span font="" style="background-color: #ffffb7; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 15px;"><span style="border: 2px solid;"> Example </span></span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: large;">・big - big<strong>ger</strong><br />・fat - fat<strong>ter</strong><br />・thin - thin<strong>ner</strong><br />・hot - hot<strong>ter</strong></span></div>
</blockquote>
<br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" />
<br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" />
<br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" />
<span font="" style="background-color: #d7fffd; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 20px;"><span style="border: 2px solid;"> 3.Words of one syllable, with more than one vowel or more than one consonant at the end. </span></span><br />
<br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" />
<span style="font-size: large;">Add - <strong>er</strong> to the end of the word.</span><br />
<br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" />
<br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" />
<blockquote style="background-color: white; border: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px; margin: 2px; padding: 5px;">
<div style="padding: 0px;">
<span font="" style="background-color: #ffffb7; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 15px;"><span style="border: 2px solid;"> Example </span></span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: large;">・high - high<strong>er</strong><br />・old - old<strong>er</strong></span></div>
</blockquote>
<br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" />
<br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" />
<br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" />
<span font="" style="background-color: #d7fffd; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 20px;"><span style="border: 2px solid;"> 4.Words of <strong>two syllables</strong>, ending in '<strong>y</strong>'. </span></span><br />
<br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" />
<span style="font-size: large;">Change '<strong>y</strong>' to '<strong>i</strong>', and add -<strong>er</strong> to the end of the word.</span><span style="background-color: #fbfefe; font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;"> </span><br />
<br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" />
<br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" />
<blockquote style="background-color: white; border: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px; margin: 2px; padding: 5px;">
<div style="padding: 0px;">
<span font="" style="background-color: #ffffb7; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 15px;"><span style="border: 2px solid;"> Example </span></span><br />
<br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: large;">・happy - happ<strong>ier</strong><br />・easy - eas<strong>ier</strong><br />・angry - angr<strong>ier</strong><br />・busy - bus<strong>ier</strong><br />・early - earl<strong>ier</strong></span></div>
</blockquote>
<br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" />
<br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" />
<br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" />
<br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" />
<span font="" style="background-color: #d7fffd; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 20px;"><span style="border: 2px solid;"> 5.Words of <strong>two syllables</strong> or <strong>more</strong>,<u> <span style="color: red;">not</span> ending in '<strong>y</strong>'</u>. </span></span><br />
<br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" />
<br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" />
<span style="font-size: large;">Place '<strong>more</strong>' before the adjective.</span><br />
<br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" />
<br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" />
<blockquote style="background-color: white; border: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px; margin: 2px; padding: 5px;">
<div style="padding: 0px;">
<span font="" style="background-color: #ffffb7; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 15px;"><span style="border: 2px solid;"> Example </span></span><br />
<br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: large;">・beautiful - <strong>more</strong> beautiful<br />・pleasant - <strong>more</strong> pleasant<br />・expensive - <strong>more</strong> expensive<br />・important - <strong>more</strong> important</span></div>
</blockquote>
<br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" />
<br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" />
<br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" />
<span font="" style="background-color: #fffdd7; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 30px;"><span style="border: 2px solid;"> Use of Comparative Adjectives </span></span><br />
<br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" />
<br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" />
<span style="font-size: medium;">・We use comparative adjectives when talking about <span style="color: red;">only</span><strong> 2 things</strong> .</span><br />
<br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" />
<br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" />
<span style="font-size: medium;">・Often, the comparative adjective <u>is followed by "<strong>than</strong>".</u></span><br />
<br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" />
<br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" />
<blockquote style="background-color: white; border: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px; margin: 2px; padding: 5px;">
<div style="padding: 0px;">
<span font="" style="background-color: #ffffb7; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 15px;"><span style="border: 2px solid;"> Example </span></span><br />
<br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: large;">・Danny is 1m95. He is tall. But Baba is 2m09. He is<strong> taller than</strong>Danny.<br />・America is big. But Russia is <strong>bigger</strong>.<br />・He wants to have a <strong>more powerful</strong> gun.<br />・Is Japanese more difficult than Chinese?</span></div>
</blockquote>
<br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" />
<br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" />
<br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" />
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="color: red;">Note</span>: </span><br />
<span style="font-size: medium;">Although we use comparative adjectives when talking about<strong> two things</strong> (<span style="color: red;">not</span> three or more things), in fact one or both of the things may be a <strong>group of things</strong>.</span><br />
<br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" />
<span font="" style="background-color: #ffffb7; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 15px;"><span style="border: 2px solid;"> Example </span></span><span style="background-color: #fbfefe; font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;"> </span><span style="font-size: medium;">・Mt Everest is <strong>higher than</strong> <strong>all other mountains</strong>.</span><span style="background-color: #fbfefe; font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;"> </span><br />
<br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" />
<br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" />
<span style="font-size: medium;">Here, we are talking about<strong> hundreds of mountains</strong>, but <u>we are still comparing <strong>one thing</strong>(Mt Everest) to <strong>one other thing</strong> (all other mountains)</u>. </span><span style="background-color: #fbfefe; font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;"></span><br />
<br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" />
<br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" />
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="color: red;">NOTE 2</span>:</span><br />
<br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" />
<span style="font-size: medium;">Also, <span style="color: red;">not</span> to use <strong>"more"</strong> along with a comparative adjective formed with -<strong>er</strong> <span style="color: red;">nor</span> to use "<strong>most</strong>" along with a superlative adjective formed with -<strong>est</strong></span><span style="background-color: #fbfefe; font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;"> </span><br />
<br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" />
<br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" />
<span style="font-size: large;">Do <span style="color: red;">not</span> write that something is <strong>more heavier</strong> or <strong>most heaviest</strong>.</span><br />
<br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" />
<span style="font-size: medium;">It is<strong> very important</strong> that we can <span style="color: red;">not</span> use "<strong>more</strong>" and "<strong>most</strong>" with -<strong>er</strong> and -<strong>est</strong> forms at same time. </span><br />
<br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" />
<span style="font-size: large;">You must remember this!</span><br />
<br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" />
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: red;">NOTE</span> 3:</span><br />
<br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" />
<span style="font-size: medium;">The "<strong>as ~ as~</strong>" construction is used to<u> create a comparison expressing <strong>equality</strong></u></span><br />
<br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" />
<br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" />
<blockquote style="background-color: white; border: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px; margin: 2px; padding: 5px;">
<div style="padding: 0px;">
<span font="" style="background-color: #ffffb7; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 15px;"><span style="border: 2px solid;"> Example </span></span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: large;">・He is as foolish as he is large.<br />・She is as bright as her mother.</span></div>
</blockquote>
<br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" />
<br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" />
<br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" />
<br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" />
<span font="" style="background-color: #ffecec; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 30px;"><span style="border: 2px solid;"> Superlative Adjectives </span></span><br />
<br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" />
<br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" />
<span style="font-size: medium;">A <strong>superlative adjective</strong> expresses <u>the extreme or highest degree of a quality</u>. We use a superlative adjective to describe <u>the extreme quality of one thing in a group of things</u>.</span><span style="background-color: #fbfefe; font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;"> </span><br />
<br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" />
<blockquote style="background-color: white; border: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px; margin: 2px; padding: 5px;">
<div style="padding: 0px;">
<span font="" style="background-color: #ffb98e; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 15px;"><span style="border: 2px solid;"> Points </span></span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: medium;">・Superlative adjectives are used <u>only if 3 or more things</u> or <strong>people are being compared</strong>.</span></div>
</blockquote>
<br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" />
<br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" />
<br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" />
<blockquote style="background-color: white; border: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px; margin: 2px; padding: 5px;">
<div style="padding: 0px;">
<span font="" style="background-color: #ffffb7; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 15px;"><span style="border: 2px solid;"> Example </span></span><br />
<br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: medium;">・Danny is<strong> the tallest</strong> of all the students.<br />・Comet is <strong>the biggest</strong> of all the dogs in the neighborhood.<br />・Michelle is <strong>the happiest</strong> girl in the world.</span></div>
</blockquote>
<br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" />
<br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" />
<br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" />
<span font="" style="background-color: #fffdd7; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 30px;"><span style="border: 2px solid;"> Forming the superlative </span></span><br />
<br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" />
<br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" />
<span font="" style="background-color: #d7fffd; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 20px;"><span style="border: 2px solid;"> 1.Words of one syllable ending in '<strong>e</strong>'. </span></span><br />
<br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" />
<span style="font-size: large;">Add -<strong>st</strong> to the end of the word.</span><span style="background-color: #fbfefe; font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;"> </span><br />
<br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" />
<br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" />
<blockquote style="background-color: white; border: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px; margin: 2px; padding: 5px;">
<div style="padding: 0px;">
<span font="" style="background-color: #ffffb7; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 15px;"><span style="border: 2px solid;"> Example </span></span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: large;">・wide - wide<strong>st</strong><br />・late - late<strong>st</strong><br />・large - large<strong>st</strong><br />・wise - wise<strong>st</strong></span></div>
</blockquote>
<br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" />
<br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" />
<br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" />
<span font="" style="background-color: #d7fffd; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 20px;"><span style="border: 2px solid;"> 2.Words of <strong>one syllable</strong>, with <strong>one vowel</strong> and <strong>one consonant</strong> at the end. </span></span><br />
<br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" />
<br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" />
<span style="font-size: large;"><strong>Double the consonant</strong> and add -<strong>est</strong> to the end of the word. </span><span style="background-color: #fbfefe; font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;"></span><br />
<br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" />
<br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" />
<blockquote style="background-color: white; border: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px; margin: 2px; padding: 5px;">
<div style="padding: 0px;">
<span font="" style="background-color: #ffffb7; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 15px;"><span style="border: 2px solid;"> Example </span></span><br />
<br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: large;">・big - big<strong>gest</strong><br />・hot - hot<strong>test</strong><br />・thin - thin<strong>nest</strong><br />・fat - fat<strong>test</strong></span></div>
</blockquote>
<br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" />
<br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" />
<br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" />
<span font="" style="background-color: #d7fffd; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 20px;"><span style="border: 2px solid;"> 3.Words of 1 syllable, with more than 1 vowel or more than 1 consonant at the end. </span></span><br />
<br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" />
<blockquote style="background-color: white; border: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px; margin: 2px; padding: 5px;">
<div style="padding: 0px;">
<span font="" style="background-color: #ffffb7; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 15px;"><span style="border: 2px solid;"> Example </span></span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: large;">Add - <strong>est</strong> to the end of the word.</span><br />
<br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: large;">・high - high<strong>est</strong><br />・old - old<strong>est</strong></span></div>
</blockquote>
<br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" />
<br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" />
<br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" />
<span font="" style="background-color: #d7fffd; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 20px;"><span style="border: 2px solid;"> 4. Words of <strong>two syllables</strong>, ending in '<strong>y</strong>'. </span></span><br />
<br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" />
<br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" />
<span style="font-size: large;">Change '<strong>y</strong>' to '<strong>i</strong>', and add -<strong>est</strong> to the end of the word.</span><br />
<br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" />
<br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" />
<blockquote style="background-color: white; border: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px; margin: 2px; padding: 5px;">
<div style="padding: 0px;">
<span font="" style="background-color: #ffffb7; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 15px;"><span style="border: 2px solid;"> Example </span></span><br />
<br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: large;">・happy - happi<strong>est</strong> ・easy - easi<strong>est</strong> ・angry - angri<strong>est</strong> ・busy - busi<strong>est</strong> ・early - earli<strong>est</strong></span></div>
</blockquote>
<br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" />
<br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" />
<br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" />
<br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" />
<span font="" style="background-color: #d7fffd; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 20px;"><span style="border: 2px solid;"> Words of<strong> two syllables</strong> or more, <span style="color: red;">not</span> ending in '<strong>y</strong>'. </span></span><br />
<br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" />
<br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" />
<span style="font-size: large;">Place '<strong>the most</strong>' before the adjective.</span><br />
<br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" />
<br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" />
<blockquote style="background-color: white; border: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px; margin: 2px; padding: 5px;">
<div style="padding: 0px;">
<span font="" style="background-color: #ffffb7; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 15px;"><span style="border: 2px solid;"> Example </span></span><br />
<br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: large;">・beautiful - <strong>the most</strong> beautiful<br />・pleasant - <strong>the most</strong> pleasant<br />・expensive - <strong>the most</strong> expensive<br />・important -<strong> the most</strong> important</span></div>
</blockquote>
<br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" />
<br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" />
<br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" />
<span font="" style="background-color: #fffdd7; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 30px;"><span style="border: 2px solid;"> Use of Superlative Adjectives </span></span><br />
<br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" />
<br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" />
<span style="font-size: medium;">We use a superlative adjective to describe one thing in a group of<strong> three or more things.</strong></span><br />
<br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" />
<br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" />
<blockquote style="background-color: white; border: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px; margin: 2px; padding: 5px;">
<div style="padding: 0px;">
<span font="" style="background-color: #ffffb7; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 15px;"><span style="border: 2px solid;"> Example </span></span><br />
<br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: medium;">・The black dog is <strong>the biggest</strong>.<br />・The house at the end of the street is <strong>the nicest</strong>.<br />・My mother's pizza is <strong>the best</strong>.</span></div>
</blockquote>
<br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" />
<br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" />
<br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" />
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="color: red;">NOTE</span>:</span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;">When we compare <strong>one thing with itself</strong>, we do <span style="color: red;">not</span> use "<strong>the</strong>":</span><br />
<br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" />
<br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" />
<span style="font-size: large;">・Asahikawa is <strong>coldest</strong> in winter. (<span style="color: red;">not</span> the coldest)<br />・My boss is <strong>most generous</strong> when we get a big order. (<span style="color: red;">not</span> the most generous)</span><span style="background-color: #fbfefe; font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;"> </span><br />
<br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" />
<br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" />
<br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" />
<span font="" style="background-color: #ffecec; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 30px;"><span style="border: 2px solid;"> Irregular adjectives </span></span><span style="background-color: #fbfefe; font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;"> </span><br />
<br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" />
<br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" />
<span font="" style="background-color: white; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 20px;"><strong></strong><span style="border: 2px solid;"> Irregular Adjective - Comparative Form - Superlative Form </span></span><br />
<br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" />
<br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" />
<span style="font-size: large;"><strong>good - better - best<br />bad - worse - worst<br />far - farther - farthest<br />little - less - least<br />many - more - most</strong></span><br />
<br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" />
<br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" />
<blockquote style="background-color: white; border: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px; margin: 2px; padding: 5px;">
<div style="padding: 0px;">
<span font="" style="background-color: #ffffb7; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 15px;"><span style="border: 2px solid;"> Example </span></span><br />
<br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: large;">・Thinking is <strong>better than</strong> complaing.<br />・Comet is <strong>the best</strong> dog in the world.<br />・Becky's cooking is<strong> worse than</strong> Joey's cooking.<br />・Of all the students in the class, Kimmy is <strong>the worst</strong>.</span></div>
</blockquote>
<br style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" />Anonymousnoreply@blogger.com